crypto: lz4,lz4hc - fix decompression

The lz4 library has two functions for decompression, with slightly
different signatures and behaviour. The lz4_decompress_crypto() function
seemed to be using the one that assumes that the decompressed length is
known in advance.

This patch switches to the other decompression function and makes sure
that the length of the decompressed output is properly returned to the
caller.

The same issue was present in the lz4hc algorithm.

Coincidentally, this change also makes very basic lz4 and lz4hc
compression tests in testmgr pass.

Signed-off-by: KOVACS Krisztian <hidden@sch.bme.hu>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
crypto: testmgr - add test for lz4 and lz4hc

This patch adds a simple test vector for the lz4 and lz4hc compression
algorithms.

Signed-off-by: KOVACS Krisztian <hidden@sch.bme.hu>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
kernel: add support for gcc 5

We're missing include/linux/compiler-gcc5.h which is required now
because gcc branched off to v5 in trunk.

Just copy the relevant bits out of include/linux/compiler-gcc4.h,
no new code is added as of now.

This fixes a build error when using gcc 5.

Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
asm-generic: rwsem: ensure sem->cnt is only accessed via atomic_long_*

The asm-generic rwsem implementation directly acceses sem->cnt when
performing a __down_read_trylock operation. Whilst this is probably safe
on all architectures, we should stick to the atomic_long_* API and use
atomic_long_read instead.

Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>

(cherry picked from commit 40ce216b2070e998f0ef38eccb7e79cdec203fbf)
rwsem-spinlock: Implement writer lock-stealing for better scalability

We (Linux Kernel Performance project) found a regression
introduced by commit:

mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem

which converted all anon_vma::mutex locks rwsem write locks.

The semantics are the same, but the behavioral difference is
quite huge in some cases. After investigating it we found the
root cause: mutexes support lock stealing while rwsems don't.

Here is the link for the detailed regression report:

  https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84

Ingo suggested adding write lock stealing to rwsems:

    "I think we should allow lock-steal between rwsem writers - that
     will not hurt fairness as most rwsem fairness concerns relate to
     reader vs. writer fairness"

And here is the rwsem-spinlock version.

With this patch, we got a double performance increase in one
test box with following aim7 workfile:

    FILESIZE: 1M
    POOLSIZE: 10M
    10 fork_test

 /usr/bin/time output w/o patch                       /usr/bin/time_output with patch
 -- Percent of CPU this job got: 369%                 Percent of CPU this job got: 537%
 Voluntary context switches: 640595016                Voluntary context switches: 157915561

We got a 45% increase in CPU usage and saved about 3/4 voluntary context switches.

Reported-by: LKP project <lkp@linux.intel.com>
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: paul.gortmaker@windriver.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1359716356-23865-1-git-send-email-yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: Implement writer lock-stealing for better scalability

Commit ("mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex
to an rwsem") changed struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem, which
caused aim7 fork_test performance to drop by 50%.

Yuanhan Liu did the following excellent analysis:

    https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84

and found that the regression is caused by strict, serialized,
FIFO sequential write-ownership of rwsems. Ingo suggested
implementing opportunistic lock-stealing for the front writer
task in the waitqueue.

Yuanhan Liu implemented lock-stealing for spinlock-rwsems,
which indeed recovered much of the regression - confirming
the analysis that the main factor in the regression was the
FIFO writer-fairness of rwsems.

In this patch we allow lock-stealing to happen when the first
waiter is also writer. With that change in place the
aim7 fork_test performance is fully recovered on my
Intel NHM EP, NHM EX, SNB EP 2S and 4S test-machines.

Reported-by: lkp@linux.intel.com
Reported-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: paul.gortmaker@windriver.com
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1360069915-31619-1-git-send-email-alex.shi@intel.com
[ Small stylistic fixes, updated changelog. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: Merge 'rwsem-optimizations'

Merge rwsem optimizations from Michel Lespinasse:
 "These patches extend Alex Shi's work (which added write lock stealing
  on the rwsem slow path) in order to provide rwsem write lock stealing
  on the fast path (that is, without taking the rwsem's wait_lock).

  I have unfortunately been unable to push this through -next before due
  to Ingo Molnar / David Howells / Peter Zijlstra being busy with other
  things.  However, this has gotten some attention from Rik van Riel and
  Davidlohr Bueso who both commented that they felt this was ready for
  v3.10, and Ingo Molnar has said that he was OK with me pushing
  directly to you.  So, here goes :)

  Davidlohr got the following test results from pgbench running on a
  quad-core laptop:

    | db_size | clients  |  tps-vanilla   |   tps-rwsem  |
    +---------+----------+----------------+--------------+
    | 160 MB   |       1 |           5803 |         6906 | + 19.0%
    | 160 MB   |       2 |          13092 |        15931 |
    | 160 MB   |       4 |          29412 |        33021 |
    | 160 MB   |       8 |          32448 |        34626 |
    | 160 MB   |      16 |          32758 |        33098 |
    | 160 MB   |      20 |          26940 |        31343 | + 16.3%
    | 160 MB   |      30 |          25147 |        28961 |
    | 160 MB   |      40 |          25484 |        26902 |
    | 160 MB   |      50 |          24528 |        25760 |
    ------------------------------------------------------
    | 1.6 GB   |       1 |           5733 |         7729 | + 34.8%
    | 1.6 GB   |       2 |           9411 |        19009 | + 101.9%
    | 1.6 GB   |       4 |          31818 |        33185 |
    | 1.6 GB   |       8 |          33700 |        34550 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      16 |          32751 |        33079 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      20 |          30919 |        31494 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      30 |          28540 |        28535 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      40 |          26380 |        27054 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      50 |          25241 |        25591 |
    ------------------------------------------------------
    | 7.6 GB   |       1 |           5779 |         6224 |
    | 7.6 GB   |       2 |          10897 |        13611 | + 24.9%
    | 7.6 GB   |       4 |          32683 |        33108 |
    | 7.6 GB   |       8 |          33968 |        34712 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      16 |          32287 |        32895 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      20 |          27770 |        31689 | + 14.1%
    | 7.6 GB   |      30 |          26739 |        29003 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      40 |          24901 |        26683 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      50 |          17115 |        25925 | + 51.5%
    ------------------------------------------------------

  (Davidlohr also has one additional patch which further improves
  throughput, though I will ask him to send it directly to you as I have
  suggested some minor changes)."

* emailed patches from Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>:
  rwsem: no need for explicit signed longs
  x86 rwsem: avoid taking slow path when stealing write lock
  rwsem: do not block readers at head of queue if other readers are active
  rwsem: implement support for write lock stealing on the fastpath
  rwsem: simplify __rwsem_do_wake
  rwsem: skip initial trylock in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: avoid taking wait_lock in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: use cmpxchg for trying to steal write lock
  rwsem: more agressive lock stealing in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: simplify rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: simplify rwsem_down_read_failed
  rwsem: move rwsem_down_failed_common code into rwsem_down_{read,write}_failed
  rwsem: shorter spinlocked section in rwsem_down_failed_common()
  rwsem: make the waiter type an enumeration rather than a bitmask

Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: add rwsem_is_contended

Btrfs needs a simple way to know if it needs to let go of it's read lock on a
rwsem.  Introduce rwsem_is_contended to check to see if there are any waiters on
this rwsem currently.  This is just a hueristic, it is meant to be light and not
100% accurate and called by somebody already holding on to the rwsem in either
read or write.  Thanks,

Signed-off-by: Josef Bacik <jbacik@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: Chris Mason <clm@fb.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: check counter to avoid cmpxchg calls

This patch tries to reduce the amount of cmpxchg calls in the writer
failed path by checking the counter value first before issuing the
instruction.  If ->count is not set to RWSEM_WAITING_BIAS then there is
no point wasting a cmpxchg call.

Furthermore, Michel states "I suppose it helps due to the case where
someone else steals the lock while we're trying to acquire
sem->wait_lock."

Two very different workloads and machines were used to see how this
patch improves throughput: pgbench on a quad-core laptop and aim7 on a
large 8 socket box with 80 cores.

Some results comparing Michel's fast-path write lock stealing
(tps-rwsem) on a quad-core laptop running pgbench:

  | db_size | clients  |  tps-rwsem     |   tps-patch  |
  +---------+----------+----------------+--------------+
  | 160 MB   |       1 |           6906 |         9153 | + 32.5
  | 160 MB   |       2 |          15931 |        22487 | + 41.1%
  | 160 MB   |       4 |          33021 |        32503 |
  | 160 MB   |       8 |          34626 |        34695 |
  | 160 MB   |      16 |          33098 |        34003 |
  | 160 MB   |      20 |          31343 |        31440 |
  | 160 MB   |      30 |          28961 |        28987 |
  | 160 MB   |      40 |          26902 |        26970 |
  | 160 MB   |      50 |          25760 |        25810 |
  ------------------------------------------------------
  | 1.6 GB   |       1 |           7729 |         7537 |
  | 1.6 GB   |       2 |          19009 |        23508 | + 23.7%
  | 1.6 GB   |       4 |          33185 |        32666 |
  | 1.6 GB   |       8 |          34550 |        34318 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      16 |          33079 |        32689 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      20 |          31494 |        31702 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      30 |          28535 |        28755 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      40 |          27054 |        27017 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      50 |          25591 |        25560 |
  ------------------------------------------------------
  | 7.6 GB   |       1 |           6224 |         7469 | + 20.0%
  | 7.6 GB   |       2 |          13611 |        12778 |
  | 7.6 GB   |       4 |          33108 |        32927 |
  | 7.6 GB   |       8 |          34712 |        34878 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      16 |          32895 |        33003 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      20 |          31689 |        31974 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      30 |          29003 |        28806 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      40 |          26683 |        26976 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      50 |          25925 |        25652 |
  ------------------------------------------------------

For the aim7 worloads, they overall improved on top of Michel's
patchset.  For full graphs on how the rwsem series plus this patch
behaves on a large 8 socket machine against a vanilla kernel:

  http://stgolabs.net/rwsem-aim7-results.tar.gz

Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
asm-generic: rwsem: de-PPCify rwsem.h

asm-generic/rwsem.h used to live under arch/powerpc. During its
liberation to common code, a few references to its former home where
preserved, in particular the definition of RWSEM_ACTIVE_MASK is
predicated on CONFIG_PPC64.

This patch updates the ifdefs and comments to architecturally neutral
versions.

Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Richard Kuo <rkuo@codeaurora.org>
Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
timer: optimize apply_slack()

__fls(mask) is equivalent to find_last_bit(&mask, BITS_PER_LONG), but cheaper.
find_last_bit was showing up high on the list when I was profiling for stalls
on icache misses on a system with very small cache size (MIPS).

Signed-off-by: Felix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>
arch/arm/Kconfig: enable unaligned capability for ARM

Change-Id: I3efa02f681833632d3983b9bcd256fd4e1e3732c
Signed-off-by: faux123 <reioux@gmail.com>
writeback: fix occasional slow sync(1)

In case when system contains no dirty pages, wakeup_flusher_threads() will
submit WB_SYNC_NONE writeback for 0 pages so wb_writeback() exits
immediately without doing anything, even though there are dirty inodes in
the system.  Thus sync(1) will write all the dirty inodes from a
WB_SYNC_ALL writeback pass which is slow.

Fix the problem by using get_nr_dirty_pages() in wakeup_flusher_threads()
instead of calculating number of dirty pages manually.  That function also
takes number of dirty inodes into account.

Change-Id: I3d07a5f7bb1df8ca55096106eb2d93c8dd2564bd
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reported-by: Paul Taysom <taysom@chromium.org>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
lib/int_sqrt.c: optimize square root algorithm

Optimize the current version of the shift-and-subtract (hardware)
algorithm, described by John von Newmann[1] and Guy L Steele.

Iterating 1,000,000 times, perf shows for the current version:

 Performance counter stats for './sqrt-curr' (10 runs):

         27.170996 task-clock                #    0.979 CPUs utilized            ( +-  3.19% )
                 3 context-switches          #    0.103 K/sec                    ( +-  4.76% )
                 0 cpu-migrations            #    0.004 K/sec                    ( +-100.00% )
               104 page-faults               #    0.004 M/sec                    ( +-  0.16% )
        64,921,199 cycles                    #    2.389 GHz                      ( +-  0.03% )
        28,967,789 stalled-cycles-frontend   #   44.62% frontend cycles idle     ( +-  0.18% )
   <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
       104,502,623 instructions              #    1.61  insns per cycle
                                             #    0.28  stalled cycles per insn  ( +-  0.00% )
        34,088,368 branches                  # 1254.587 M/sec                    ( +-  0.00% )
             4,901 branch-misses             #    0.01% of all branches          ( +-  1.32% )

       0.027763015 seconds time elapsed                                          ( +-  3.22% )

And for the new version:

Performance counter stats for './sqrt-new' (10 runs):

          0.496869 task-clock                #    0.519 CPUs utilized            ( +-  2.38% )
                 0 context-switches          #    0.000 K/sec
                 0 cpu-migrations            #    0.403 K/sec                    ( +-100.00% )
               104 page-faults               #    0.209 M/sec                    ( +-  0.15% )
           590,760 cycles                    #    1.189 GHz                      ( +-  2.35% )
           395,053 stalled-cycles-frontend   #   66.87% frontend cycles idle     ( +-  3.67% )
   <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend
           398,963 instructions              #    0.68  insns per cycle
                                             #    0.99  stalled cycles per insn  ( +-  0.39% )
            70,228 branches                  #  141.341 M/sec                    ( +-  0.36% )
             3,364 branch-misses             #    4.79% of all branches          ( +-  5.45% )

       0.000957440 seconds time elapsed                                          ( +-  2.42% )

Furthermore, this saves space in instruction text:

   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
    111       0       0     111      6f lib/int_sqrt-baseline.o
     89       0       0      89      59 lib/int_sqrt.o

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC

Change-Id: I01ae86d90f9f1d4dd811fefdbc043e710fed60a1
Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Jonathan Gonzalez <jgonzlez@linets.cl>
Tested-by: Jonathan Gonzalez <jgonzlez@linets.cl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Francisco Franco <franciscofranco.1990@gmail.com>
writeback: fix writeback cache thrashing

From: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com>

Consider Process A: huge I/O on sda
        doing heavy write operation - dirty memory becomes more
        than dirty_background_ratio
        on HDD - flusher thread flush-8:0

Consider Process B: small I/O on sdb
        doing while [1]; read 1024K + rewrite 1024K + sleep 2sec
        on Flash device - flusher thread flush-8:16

As Process A is a heavy dirtier, dirty memory becomes more
than dirty_background_thresh. Due to this, below check becomes
true(checking global_page_state in over_bground_thresh)
for all bdi devices(even for very small dirtied bdi - sdb):

In this case, even small cached data on 'sdb' is forced to flush
and writeback cache thrashing happens.

When we added debug prints inside above 'if' condition and ran
above Process A(heavy dirtier on bdi with flush-8:0) and
Process B(1024K frequent read/rewrite on bdi with flush-8:16)
we got below prints:

[Test setup: ARM dual core CPU, 512 MB RAM]

[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  56064 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  56704 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 84720 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 94720 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   384 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   960 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =    64 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 92160 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   256 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   768 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =    64 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   256 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   320 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =     0 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 92032 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 91968 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   192 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  1024 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =    64 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   192 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   576 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =     0 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 84352 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   192 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =   512 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:16 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =     0 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 92608 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE = 92544 KB

As mentioned in above log, when global dirty memory > global background_thresh
small cached data is also forced to flush by flush-8:16.
If removing global background_thresh checking code, we can reduce cache
thrashing of frequently used small data.
And It will be great if we can reserve a portion of writeback cache using
min_ratio.

After applying patch:
$ echo 5 > /sys/block/sdb/bdi/min_ratio
$ cat /sys/block/sdb/bdi/min_ratio
5
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  56064 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  56704 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  84160 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  96960 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  94080 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  93120 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  93120 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  91520 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  89600 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  93696 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  93696 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  72960 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  90624 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  90624 KB
[over_bground_thresh]: wakeup flush-8:0 : BDI_RECLAIMABLE =  90688 KB

As mentioned in the above logs, once cache is reserved for Process B,
and patch is applied there is less writeback cache thrashing on sdb
by frequent forced writeback by flush-8:16 in over_bground_thresh.

After all, small cached data will be flushed by periodic writeback
once every dirty_writeback_interval.

Change-Id: Iad956fc192f704d77437d4c0683a4e7bb40b38cd
Suggested-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Trivedi <t.vivek@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Francisco Franco <franciscofranco.1990@gmail.com>
time: RCU permitted to stop idle entry via softirq

From: "Paul E. McKenney" <paul.mckenney@xxxxxxxxxx>

The can_stop_idle_tick() function complains if a softirq vector is
raised too late in the idle-entry process, presumably in order to
prevent dangling softirq invocations from being delayed across the
full idle period, which might be indefinitely long -- and if softirq
was asserted any later than the call to this function, such a delay
might well happen.

However, RCU needs to be able to use softirq to stop idle entry in
order to be able to drain RCU callbacks from the current CPU, which in
turn enables faster entry into dyntick-idle mode, which in turn reduces
power consumption. Because RCU takes this action at a well-defined
point in the idle-entry path, it is safe for RCU to take this approach.

This commit therefore silences the error message that is sometimes
produced when the going-idle CPU suddenly finds that it has an RCU_SOFTIRQ
to process. The error message will continue to be issued for other
softirq vectors.

Reported-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@xxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paul.mckenney@xxxxxxxxxx>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@xxxxxxxxx>
mm: vmscan: when kswapd is awoken due to reclaim by a running task

Set the priority of kswapd to that of the calling task thus making memory reclaim cpu activity affected by nice level.

http://ck.kolivas.org/patches/3.0/3.9/3.9-ck1/patches/mm-kswapd_inherit_prio-1.patch
binfmt_elf.c: use get_random_int() to fix entropy depleting

Changes:
--------
v4->v3:
- s/random_stack_user()/get_atrandom_bytes()/
- Move this function to ahead of its use to avoid the predeclaration.

v3->v2:
- Tweak code comments of random_stack_user().
- Remove redundant bits mask and shift upon the random variable.

v2->v1:
- Fix random copy to check up buffer length that are not 4-byte multiples.

v3 can be found at:
http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-fsdevel/msg59597.html
v2 can be found at:
http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-fsdevel/msg59418.html
v1 can be found at:
http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-fsdevel/msg59128.html

Thanks,
-Jeff

Entropy is quickly depleted under normal operations like ls(1), cat(1),
etc...  between 2.6.30 to current mainline, for instance:

$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
3428
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
2911
$cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
2620

We observed this problem has been occurring since 2.6.30 with
fs/binfmt_elf.c: create_elf_tables()->get_random_bytes(), introduced by
f06295b ("ELF: implement AT_RANDOM for glibc PRNG seeding").

/*
 * Generate 16 random bytes for userspace PRNG seeding.
 */
get_random_bytes(k_rand_bytes, sizeof(k_rand_bytes));

The patch introduces a wrapper around get_random_int() which has lower
overhead than calling get_random_bytes() directly.

With this patch applied:
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
2731
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
2802
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail
2878

Analyzed by John Sobecki.

Signed-off-by: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <aedilger@gmail.com>
Cc: Alan Cox <alan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnn@arndb.de>
Cc: John Sobecki <john.sobecki@oracle.com>
Cc: James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com>
Cc: Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
Cc: Ted Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
writeback: fix race that cause writeback hung

There is a race between mark inode dirty and writeback thread, see the
following scenario.  In this case, writeback thread will not run though
there is dirty_io.

__mark_inode_dirty()                                          bdi_writeback_workfn()
	...                                                       	...
	spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
	...
	if (bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi)) {
	    <<< assume wb has dirty_io, so wakeup_bdi is false.
	    <<< the following inode_dirty also have wakeup_bdi false.
	    if (!wb_has_dirty_io(&bdi->wb))
		    wakeup_bdi = true;
	}
	spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
	                                                            <<< assume last dirty_io is removed here.
	                                                            pages_written = wb_do_writeback(wb);
	                                                            ...
	                                                            <<< work_list empty and wb has no dirty_io,
	                                                            <<< delayed_work will not be queued.
	                                                            if (!list_empty(&bdi->work_list) ||
	                                                                (wb_has_dirty_io(wb) && dirty_writeback_interval))
	                                                                queue_delayed_work(bdi_wq, &wb->dwork,
	                                                                    msecs_to_jiffies(dirty_writeback_interval * 10));
	spin_lock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);
	inode->dirtied_when = jiffies;
	<<< new dirty_io is added.
	list_move(&inode->i_wb_list, &bdi->wb.b_dirty);
	spin_unlock(&bdi->wb.list_lock);

	<<< though there is dirty_io, but wakeup_bdi is false,
	<<< so writeback thread will not be waked up and
	<<< the new dirty_io will not be flushed.
	if (wakeup_bdi)
	    bdi_wakeup_thread_delayed(bdi);

Writeback will run until there is a new flush work queued.  This may cause
a lot of dirty pages stay in memory for a long time.

Signed-off-by: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
SELinux: Reduce overhead of mls_level_isvalid() function call

Date	Mon, 10 Jun 2013 13:55:08 -0400

v4->v5:
  - Fix scripts/checkpatch.pl warning.

v3->v4:
  - Merge the 2 separate while loops in ebitmap_contains() into
    a single one.

v2->v3:
  - Remove unused local variables i, node from mls_level_isvalid().

v1->v2:
 - Move the new ebitmap comparison logic from mls_level_isvalid()
   into the ebitmap_contains() helper function.
 - Rerun perf and performance tests on the latest v3.10-rc4 kernel.

While running the high_systime workload of the AIM7 benchmark on
a 2-socket 12-core Westmere x86-64 machine running 3.10-rc4 kernel
(with HT on), it was found that a pretty sizable amount of time was
spent in the SELinux code. Below was the perf trace of the "perf
record -a -s" of a test run at 1500 users:

  5.04%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] ebitmap_get_bit
  1.96%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] mls_level_isvalid
  1.95%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] find_next_bit

The ebitmap_get_bit() was the hottest function in the perf-report
output.  Both the ebitmap_get_bit() and find_next_bit() functions
were, in fact, called by mls_level_isvalid(). As a result, the
mls_level_isvalid() call consumed 8.95% of the total CPU time of
all the 24 virtual CPUs which is quite a lot. The majority of the
mls_level_isvalid() function invocations come from the socket creation
system call.

Looking at the mls_level_isvalid() function, it is checking to see
if all the bits set in one of the ebitmap structure are also set in
another one as well as the highest set bit is no bigger than the one
specified by the given policydb data structure. It is doing it in
a bit-by-bit manner. So if the ebitmap structure has many bits set,
the iteration loop will be done many times.

The current code can be rewritten to use a similar algorithm as the
ebitmap_contains() function with an additional check for the
highest set bit. The ebitmap_contains() function was extended to
cover an optional additional check for the highest set bit, and the
mls_level_isvalid() function was modified to call ebitmap_contains().

With that change, the perf trace showed that the used CPU time drop
down to just 0.08% (ebitmap_contains + mls_level_isvalid) of the
total which is about 100X less than before.

  0.07%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] ebitmap_contains
  0.05%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] ebitmap_get_bit
  0.01%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] mls_level_isvalid
  0.01%            ls  [kernel.kallsyms]     [k] find_next_bit

The remaining ebitmap_get_bit() and find_next_bit() functions calls
are made by other kernel routines as the new mls_level_isvalid()
function will not call them anymore.

This patch also improves the high_systime AIM7 benchmark result,
though the improvement is not as impressive as is suggested by the
reduction in CPU time spent in the ebitmap functions. The table below
shows the performance change on the 2-socket x86-64 system (with HT
on) mentioned above.

+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
|   Workload   | mean % change | mean % change  | mean % change   |
|              | 10-100 users  | 200-1000 users | 1100-2000 users |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| high_systime |     +0.1%     |     +0.9%      |     +2.6%       |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>