fix($http): add missing shortcut methods and missing docs

There was some inconsistency in version 1.2.25 regarding the definition and documentation of shortcut methods in `ng.$http` and `ngMock[E2E].$httpBackend`. Some methods didn't exist (although documented as existing), whereas some methods did exist, but wheren't documented.
This commit fixes the above errors and adds tests to verify the existence of all shortcut methods.

More specificcally, the following issues were addressed:
* `ng.$http`: Add the missing `patch()` shortcut method and related docs.
* `ng.$http` spec: Add test to verify the existence and functionality of the `patch()` shortcut method.
* `ngMock[E2E].$httpBackend`: Add docs for the (existing) `whenPATCH()` shortcut method, add the missing `expectHEAD()`/`whenHEAD()` shortcut methods, fix grammatical errors.
* `ngMock[E2E].$httpBackend` spec: Add test to verify the existence of shortcut methods for all HTTP verbs.

Closes #9180
I don't think we should add in the HEAD method to 1.2.x