Add support for $RUBY_BUILD_DEFINITIONS.

`$RUBY_BUILD_DEFINITIONS` is a colon-separated series of paths for
definitions. Each path is the file system location of a directory
in which definitions may be found. If the definition being installed
is not distributed with `ruby-build`, the program will iterate through
each of these paths and look within them (just the base directory)
for the definition being installed. If it is found, the full path to
the definition will be set as the `$DEFINITION_PATH` and will be installed.

Resolves https://github.com/sstephenson/ruby-build/issues/608.

/cc @thomasjo, @mislav
Bash doesn't have closures. What it has is subshells, although that doesn't seem to be the case here.

You could probably work around this oddity by casting RUBY_BUILD_DEFINITIONS to a bash array. [Here's an example how we do it in rbenv](https://github.com/sstephenson/rbenv/blob/13a474c4e9c3305179b364723349fc49b3e935e3/libexec/rbenv-which#L66-71), only you should split on colon instead of newline.