Add postgis patch to support heroku database connection.

From: https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/postgis
Switch from .rvm to standard .ruby-version. Bump from 1.9.2 to 1.9.3.
Drop redundant Gemfile entry for parallel.
Bump debugger and rake.
Bump to rails 3.1.12
Drop unnecessary local.
Switch from fixjour to factory girl and upgrade cucumber + rspec.

Have some failures around sunspot and the like but making progress.
Big messy upgrade: Upgrade to Rails 4, remove MongoMapper

A couple of things broken but they will be fixed in time.
Add test coverage for the causes/scores_controller and politicians/causes_controller
Remove sweepers and page caching - we can redo page caching later.
Upgrade to ruby 2.1.3. Fix a few minor rails compatibility issues.
Remove an artifact of MongoMapper
Remove a bunch of empty helper specs
Update to rspec 3.0.2
Remove the congress factory in favor of a few basic fixtures
Solve some more rails 4.0.10 deprecations and incompatibilities
Update rspec to 3.1.2 and move from rr to rspec-mocks.
Minor cleanup
Add missing title
Remove defunct authlogic monkeypatch.