librustc: Implement associated types behind a feature gate.

The implementation essentially desugars during type collection and AST
type conversion time into the parameter scheme we have now. Only fully
qualified names--e.g. `<T as Foo>::Bar`--are supported.
auto merge of #16377 : pcwalton/rust/associated-items, r=nikomatsakis

This is waiting on an RFC, but this basic functionality should be
straightforward. The implementation essentially desugars during type
collection and AST type conversion time into the parameter scheme we
have now.

r? @nikomatsakis