[BUGFIX] Fail silently in category registry

The idea was to fail when the category registry
is used in a wrong way. This however causes troubles
when the core itself reloads extension tables during
extension installation process.

Remove the exceptions, fail silently on wrong usage
and let the installation work again.

Resolves: #58384
Releases: 6.2
Change-Id: Icd6ec77fea9d95c9a58e75a85546c0ecc2a5c6d7
Reviewed-on: https://review.typo3.org/29765
Reviewed-by: Xavier Perseguers
Tested-by: Xavier Perseguers
Reviewed-by: Anja Leichsenring
Tested-by: Anja Leichsenring