Type check *after* the default is applied.

Types were checked before defaults were applied which worked when
defaults could only apply to arguments that weren't passed in.  Now that
we have the where clause (and the //= shortcut) you can pass in a value
and still get a default.

    func hi( Str $place //= "World" ) { print "Hi, $place!\n" }
    hi();      # works
    hi(undef); # the 'place' parameter (undef) is not of type Str

This patch fixes that.  Type checks are done after defaults are
applied, and args with defaults are now always type checked.

Another consequence is defaults are now type checked.  This will now fail.
    Object $thing = "string"
This could maybe be optimized by type checking the default once
at compile time.
Can't use //=, that's a 5.10 thing.  when undef works just as well.
5.8 fixed for reals this time.

when doesn't work on 5.8 either, which is puzzling.
Merge pull request #103 from evalEmpire/issue/102

Type check *after* the default is applied.  For #102