Styling: tweak spacing and font size

- changes the font to 12pt charter instead of 11pt
- changes the margins to 1.25in instead of 1in
- changes to single spacing instead of 1 and a half spacing.

Hopefully these all make the document easier to read; I'll probably
undo them before submission though.
Massive intertwined rewrite

This commit squashes together a ton of edits to the main paper.
It's horrible. sorry.