Slimmify BTree by replacing its internal Node type, which previously…held three separately allocated `Vec`s, with a manually allocated buffer. Additionally, restructure the node and stack interfaces to be safer and require fewer bounds checks.

Before:
test btree::map::bench::find_rand_100                      ... bench:        35 ns/iter (+/- 2)
test btree::map::bench::find_rand_10_000                   ... bench:        88 ns/iter (+/- 3)
test btree::map::bench::find_seq_100                       ... bench:        36 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test btree::map::bench::find_seq_10_000                    ... bench:        62 ns/iter (+/- 0)
test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_100                    ... bench:       157 ns/iter (+/- 8)
test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_10_000                 ... bench:       413 ns/iter (+/- 8)
test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_100                     ... bench:       272 ns/iter (+/- 10)
test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_10_000                  ... bench:       369 ns/iter (+/- 19)
test btree::map::bench::iter_1000                          ... bench:     19049 ns/iter (+/- 740)
test btree::map::bench::iter_100000                        ... bench:   1916737 ns/iter (+/- 102250)
test btree::map::bench::iter_20                            ... bench:       424 ns/iter (+/- 40)

After:
test btree::map::bench::find_rand_100                      ... bench:         9 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test btree::map::bench::find_rand_10_000                   ... bench:         8 ns/iter (+/- 0)
test btree::map::bench::find_seq_100                       ... bench:         7 ns/iter (+/- 0)
test btree::map::bench::find_seq_10_000                    ... bench:         8 ns/iter (+/- 0)
test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_100                    ... bench:       136 ns/iter (+/- 5)
test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_10_000                 ... bench:       380 ns/iter (+/- 34)
test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_100                     ... bench:       255 ns/iter (+/- 8)
test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_10_000                  ... bench:       364 ns/iter (+/- 10)
test btree::map::bench::iter_1000                          ... bench:     19112 ns/iter (+/- 837)
test btree::map::bench::iter_100000                        ... bench:   1911961 ns/iter (+/- 33069)
test btree::map::bench::iter_20                            ... bench:       453 ns/iter (+/- 37)
auto merge of #18028 : gereeter/rust/slimmer-btree-node, r=Gankro

...ated buffer.

Before:

    test btree::map::bench::find_rand_100                      ... bench:        29 ns/iter (+/- 2)
    test btree::map::bench::find_rand_10_000                   ... bench:        83 ns/iter (+/- 6)
    test btree::map::bench::find_seq_100                       ... bench:        30 ns/iter (+/- 1)
    test btree::map::bench::find_seq_10_000                    ... bench:        50 ns/iter (+/- 3)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_100                    ... bench:       186 ns/iter (+/- 30)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_10_000                 ... bench:       377 ns/iter (+/- 8)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_100                     ... bench:       299 ns/iter (+/- 10)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_10_000                  ... bench:       368 ns/iter (+/- 12)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_1000                          ... bench:     20956 ns/iter (+/- 479)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_100000                        ... bench:   2060899 ns/iter (+/- 44325)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_20                            ... bench:       560 ns/iter (+/- 63)

After:

    test btree::map::bench::find_rand_100                      ... bench:        28 ns/iter (+/- 2)
    test btree::map::bench::find_rand_10_000                   ... bench:        74 ns/iter (+/- 3)
    test btree::map::bench::find_seq_100                       ... bench:        31 ns/iter (+/- 0)
    test btree::map::bench::find_seq_10_000                    ... bench:        46 ns/iter (+/- 0)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_100                    ... bench:       141 ns/iter (+/- 1)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_rand_10_000                 ... bench:       273 ns/iter (+/- 12)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_100                     ... bench:       255 ns/iter (+/- 17)
    test btree::map::bench::insert_seq_10_000                  ... bench:       340 ns/iter (+/- 3)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_1000                          ... bench:     21193 ns/iter (+/- 1958)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_100000                        ... bench:   2203599 ns/iter (+/- 100491)
    test btree::map::bench::iter_20                            ... bench:       614 ns/iter (+/- 110)

This code could probably be a fair bit cleaner, but it works.

Part of #18009.