Use a custom route vistor for optimized route generation

Using a Regexp to replace dynamic segments in a path string is fraught
with difficulty and can lead to odd edge cases like #13349. Since we
already have a parsed representation of the path it makes sense to use
that to generate an array of segments that can be used to build an
optimized route's path quickly.

Tests on a simple route (e.g. /posts/:id) show a speedup of 35%:
https://gist.github.com/pixeltrix/8261932

Calculating -------------------------------------
    Current Helper:       5274 i/100ms
    New Helper:           8050 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
    Current Helper:     79263.6 (±3.7%) i/s -     395550 in   4.997252s
    New Helper:        153464.5 (±4.9%) i/s -     772800 in   5.047834s

Tests on a more complex route show even an greater performance boost:
https://gist.github.com/pixeltrix/8261957

Calculating -------------------------------------
    Current Helper:       2367 i/100ms
    New Helper:           5382 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
    Current Helper:     29506.0 (±3.2%) i/s -     149121 in   5.059294s
    New Helper:         78815.5 (±4.1%) i/s -     398268 in   5.062161s

It also has the added benefit of fixing the edge cases described above.

Fixes #13349

(cherry picked from commit d017e92e1d825c6bf9fa49c339c55ca920effe45)

Conflicts:
	actionpack/CHANGELOG.md
	actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/route_set.rb