debuginfo: Make variables captured in unboxed closures available in debuginfo.

This PR lets `rustc` generate debuginfo for variables captured by unboxed closures. 

Fixes #19356

@nikomatsakis This PR will probably conflict with #19338. If this gets merged before, you should be able to just leave the test case as it is (maybe remove the `#![feature(unboxed_closures)]` directive).