[modules] Track how 'header' directives were written in module map files,
rather than trying to extract this information from the FileEntry after the
fact.

This has a number of beneficial effects. For instance, diagnostic messages for
failed module builds give a path relative to the "module root" rather than an
absolute file path, and the contents of the module includes file is no longer
dependent on what files the including TU happened to inspect prior to
triggering the module build.