runtime: remove assumption that noptrdata data bss noptrbss are ordered and contiguous

The assumption can be violated by external linkers reordering them or
inserting non-Go sections in between them. I looked briefly at trying
to write out the _go_.o in external linking mode in a way that forced
the ordering, but no matter what there's no way to force Go's data
and Go's bss to be next to each other. If there is any data or bss from
non-Go objects, it's very likely to get stuck in between them.

Instead, rewrite the two places we know about that make the assumption.
I grepped for noptrdata to look for more and didn't find any.

The added race test (os/exec in external linking mode) fails without
the changes in the runtime. It crashes with an invalid pointer dereference.

Fixes issue 9133.

LGTM=dneil
R=dneil
CC=dvyukov, golang-codereviews, iant
https://codereview.appspot.com/179980043