Consolidate testing of update_all type casting

We have several test cases on "tricky" types that are essentially
testing that `update_all` goes through the same type casting behavior as
a normal assignment + save. We recently had another case to add this
test for another type in https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/12742.

Rather than testing this separately for every type which is "tricky"
when round tripping, let's instead have a fairly exhaustive test that
ensures we're getting the correct values at every step for `update_all`.
Given the structure of the code now, we can be confident that if the
type is correct, and `update_all` is type casting correctly, we're going
to get the right behavior for all types.