Introduce custom path and scan providers.

This allows extension modules to define their own methods for
scanning a relation, and get the core code to use them.  It's
unclear as yet how much use this capability will find, but we
won't find out if we never commit it.

KaiGai Kohei, reviewed at various times and in various levels
of detail by Shigeru Hanada, Tom Lane, Andres Freund, Álvaro
Herrera, and myself.
doc: Update pg_receivexlog note

The old note about how to use pg_receivexlog as an alternative to
archive_command was obsoleted by replication slots.
pg_basebackup: Adjust tests for long file name issues

Work around accidental test failures because the working directory path
is too long by creating a temporary directory in the (hopefully shorter)
system location, symlinking that to the working directory, and creating
the tablespaces using the shorter path.
Fix some coding issues in BRIN

Reported by David Rowley: variadic macros are a problem.  Get rid of
them using a trick suggested by Tom Lane: add extra parentheses where
needed.  In the future we might decide we don't need the calls at all
and remove them, but it seems appropriate to keep them while this code
is still new.

Also from David Rowley: brininsert() was trying to use a variable before
initializing it.  Fix by moving the brin_form_tuple call (which
initializes the variable) to within the locked section.

Reported by Peter Eisentraut: can't use "new" as a struct member name,
because C++ compilers will choke on it, as reported by cpluspluscheck.
Merge branch 'master' into transition