rwsem: Implement writer lock-stealing for better scalability

Commit ("mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex
to an rwsem") changed struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem, which
caused aim7 fork_test performance to drop by 50%.

Yuanhan Liu did the following excellent analysis:

    https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84

and found that the regression is caused by strict, serialized,
FIFO sequential write-ownership of rwsems. Ingo suggested
implementing opportunistic lock-stealing for the front writer
task in the waitqueue.

Yuanhan Liu implemented lock-stealing for spinlock-rwsems,
which indeed recovered much of the regression - confirming
the analysis that the main factor in the regression was the
FIFO writer-fairness of rwsems.

In this patch we allow lock-stealing to happen when the first
waiter is also writer. With that change in place the
aim7 fork_test performance is fully recovered on my
Intel NHM EP, NHM EX, SNB EP 2S and 4S test-machines.

Reported-by: lkp@linux.intel.com
Reported-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: paul.gortmaker@windriver.com
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1360069915-31619-1-git-send-email-alex.shi@intel.com
[ Small stylistic fixes, updated changelog. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem-spinlock: Implement writer lock-stealing for better scalability

We (Linux Kernel Performance project) found a regression
introduced by commit:

mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem

which converted all anon_vma::mutex locks rwsem write locks.

The semantics are the same, but the behavioral difference is
quite huge in some cases. After investigating it we found the
root cause: mutexes support lock stealing while rwsems don't.

Here is the link for the detailed regression report:

  https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/1/29/84

Ingo suggested adding write lock stealing to rwsems:

    "I think we should allow lock-steal between rwsem writers - that
     will not hurt fairness as most rwsem fairness concerns relate to
     reader vs. writer fairness"

And here is the rwsem-spinlock version.

With this patch, we got a double performance increase in one
test box with following aim7 workfile:

    FILESIZE: 1M
    POOLSIZE: 10M
    10 fork_test

 /usr/bin/time output w/o patch                       /usr/bin/time_output with patch
 -- Percent of CPU this job got: 369%                 Percent of CPU this job got: 537%
 Voluntary context switches: 640595016                Voluntary context switches: 157915561

We got a 45% increase in CPU usage and saved about 3/4 voluntary context switches.

Reported-by: LKP project <lkp@linux.intel.com>
Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Yuanhan Liu <yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: paul.gortmaker@windriver.com
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1359716356-23865-1-git-send-email-yuanhan.liu@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: Merge 'rwsem-optimizations'

Merge rwsem optimizations from Michel Lespinasse:
 "These patches extend Alex Shi's work (which added write lock stealing
  on the rwsem slow path) in order to provide rwsem write lock stealing
  on the fast path (that is, without taking the rwsem's wait_lock).

  I have unfortunately been unable to push this through -next before due
  to Ingo Molnar / David Howells / Peter Zijlstra being busy with other
  things.  However, this has gotten some attention from Rik van Riel and
  Davidlohr Bueso who both commented that they felt this was ready for
  v3.10, and Ingo Molnar has said that he was OK with me pushing
  directly to you.  So, here goes :)

  Davidlohr got the following test results from pgbench running on a
  quad-core laptop:

    | db_size | clients  |  tps-vanilla   |   tps-rwsem  |
    +---------+----------+----------------+--------------+
    | 160 MB   |       1 |           5803 |         6906 | + 19.0%
    | 160 MB   |       2 |          13092 |        15931 |
    | 160 MB   |       4 |          29412 |        33021 |
    | 160 MB   |       8 |          32448 |        34626 |
    | 160 MB   |      16 |          32758 |        33098 |
    | 160 MB   |      20 |          26940 |        31343 | + 16.3%
    | 160 MB   |      30 |          25147 |        28961 |
    | 160 MB   |      40 |          25484 |        26902 |
    | 160 MB   |      50 |          24528 |        25760 |
    ------------------------------------------------------
    | 1.6 GB   |       1 |           5733 |         7729 | + 34.8%
    | 1.6 GB   |       2 |           9411 |        19009 | + 101.9%
    | 1.6 GB   |       4 |          31818 |        33185 |
    | 1.6 GB   |       8 |          33700 |        34550 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      16 |          32751 |        33079 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      20 |          30919 |        31494 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      30 |          28540 |        28535 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      40 |          26380 |        27054 |
    | 1.6 GB   |      50 |          25241 |        25591 |
    ------------------------------------------------------
    | 7.6 GB   |       1 |           5779 |         6224 |
    | 7.6 GB   |       2 |          10897 |        13611 | + 24.9%
    | 7.6 GB   |       4 |          32683 |        33108 |
    | 7.6 GB   |       8 |          33968 |        34712 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      16 |          32287 |        32895 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      20 |          27770 |        31689 | + 14.1%
    | 7.6 GB   |      30 |          26739 |        29003 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      40 |          24901 |        26683 |
    | 7.6 GB   |      50 |          17115 |        25925 | + 51.5%
    ------------------------------------------------------

  (Davidlohr also has one additional patch which further improves
  throughput, though I will ask him to send it directly to you as I have
  suggested some minor changes)."

* emailed patches from Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>:
  rwsem: no need for explicit signed longs
  x86 rwsem: avoid taking slow path when stealing write lock
  rwsem: do not block readers at head of queue if other readers are active
  rwsem: implement support for write lock stealing on the fastpath
  rwsem: simplify __rwsem_do_wake
  rwsem: skip initial trylock in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: avoid taking wait_lock in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: use cmpxchg for trying to steal write lock
  rwsem: more agressive lock stealing in rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: simplify rwsem_down_write_failed
  rwsem: simplify rwsem_down_read_failed
  rwsem: move rwsem_down_failed_common code into rwsem_down_{read,write}_failed
  rwsem: shorter spinlocked section in rwsem_down_failed_common()
  rwsem: make the waiter type an enumeration rather than a bitmask

Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>
rwsem: check counter to avoid cmpxchg calls

This patch tries to reduce the amount of cmpxchg calls in the writer
failed path by checking the counter value first before issuing the
instruction.  If ->count is not set to RWSEM_WAITING_BIAS then there is
no point wasting a cmpxchg call.

Furthermore, Michel states "I suppose it helps due to the case where
someone else steals the lock while we're trying to acquire
sem->wait_lock."

Two very different workloads and machines were used to see how this
patch improves throughput: pgbench on a quad-core laptop and aim7 on a
large 8 socket box with 80 cores.

Some results comparing Michel's fast-path write lock stealing
(tps-rwsem) on a quad-core laptop running pgbench:

  | db_size | clients  |  tps-rwsem     |   tps-patch  |
  +---------+----------+----------------+--------------+
  | 160 MB   |       1 |           6906 |         9153 | + 32.5
  | 160 MB   |       2 |          15931 |        22487 | + 41.1%
  | 160 MB   |       4 |          33021 |        32503 |
  | 160 MB   |       8 |          34626 |        34695 |
  | 160 MB   |      16 |          33098 |        34003 |
  | 160 MB   |      20 |          31343 |        31440 |
  | 160 MB   |      30 |          28961 |        28987 |
  | 160 MB   |      40 |          26902 |        26970 |
  | 160 MB   |      50 |          25760 |        25810 |
  ------------------------------------------------------
  | 1.6 GB   |       1 |           7729 |         7537 |
  | 1.6 GB   |       2 |          19009 |        23508 | + 23.7%
  | 1.6 GB   |       4 |          33185 |        32666 |
  | 1.6 GB   |       8 |          34550 |        34318 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      16 |          33079 |        32689 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      20 |          31494 |        31702 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      30 |          28535 |        28755 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      40 |          27054 |        27017 |
  | 1.6 GB   |      50 |          25591 |        25560 |
  ------------------------------------------------------
  | 7.6 GB   |       1 |           6224 |         7469 | + 20.0%
  | 7.6 GB   |       2 |          13611 |        12778 |
  | 7.6 GB   |       4 |          33108 |        32927 |
  | 7.6 GB   |       8 |          34712 |        34878 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      16 |          32895 |        33003 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      20 |          31689 |        31974 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      30 |          29003 |        28806 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      40 |          26683 |        26976 |
  | 7.6 GB   |      50 |          25925 |        25652 |
  ------------------------------------------------------

For the aim7 worloads, they overall improved on top of Michel's
patchset.  For full graphs on how the rwsem series plus this patch
behaves on a large 8 socket machine against a vanilla kernel:

  http://stgolabs.net/rwsem-aim7-results.tar.gz

Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <davidlohr.bueso@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Pranav Vashi <neobuddy89@gmail.com>