Redesign API of type module. Use refined exceptions; drop loggers. Improve type tests.

### Type:
* Refine exception hierarhcy and use it for detailed error reporting.
* Remove `logger`s from `Table` and `Validator`, so the classes can be used in cases where line info is not available. The semantic analyzer shall be responsible for notifying the user for any errors caught.
* Simplify `Validator`; aim to turn it into a simple closure.

### Type test:
* Test new API.
* Use the new API to make tests more simple and intuitive.
* Add a bunch of new tests.

### misc:
* Remove unused imports.
This is a long-term plan. Let's not leave `TODO`s in comments. These are better written as GitHub issues. You can reference the code portion and elaborate if you like. Furthermore, issues allow attributable comments and assignees.