[SPARK-2299] Consolidate various stageIdTo* hash maps in JobProgressListener

This should reduce memory usage for the web ui as well as slightly increase its speed in draining the UI event queue.

@andrewor14

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1262 from rxin/ui-consolidate-hashtables and squashes the following commits:

1ac3f97 [Reynold Xin] Oops. Properly handle description.
f5736ad [Reynold Xin] Code review comments.
b8828dc [Reynold Xin] Merge branch 'master' into ui-consolidate-hashtables
7a7b6c4 [Reynold Xin] Revert css change.
f959bb8 [Reynold Xin] [SPARK-2299] Consolidate various stageIdTo* hash maps in JobProgressListener to speed it up.
63256f5 [Reynold Xin] [SPARK-2320] Reduce <pre> block font size.
[SPARK-2411] Add a history-not-found page to standalone Master

**Problem.** Right now, if you click on an application after it has finished, it simply refreshes the page if there are no event logs for the application. This is not super intuitive especially because event logging is not enabled by default. We should direct the user to enable this if they attempt to view a SparkUI after the fact without event logs.

**Fix.** The new page conveys different messages in each of the following scenarios:
(1) Application did not enable event logging,
(2) Event logs are not found in the specified directory, and
(3) Exception is thrown while replaying the logs

Here are screenshots of what the page looks like in each of the above scenarios:

(1)
<img src="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/attachment/12656204/Event%20logging%20not%20enabled.png" width="75%">

(2)
<img src="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/attachment/12656203/Application%20history%20not%20found.png">

(3)
<img src="https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/attachment/12656202/Application%20history%20load%20error.png" width="95%">

Author: Andrew Or <andrewor14@gmail.com>

Closes #1336 from andrewor14/master-link and squashes the following commits:

2f06206 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into master-link
97cddc0 [Andrew Or] Add different severity levels
832b687 [Andrew Or] Mention spark.eventLog.dir in error message
51980c3 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into master-link
ded208c [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into master-link
89d6405 [Andrew Or] Reword message
e7df7ed [Andrew Or] Add a history not found page to standalone Master
[SPARK-2571] Correctly report shuffle read metrics.
Fix broken unit tests.