Remove incorrect trailing backslash

If this backslash is here and USE_VALGRIND is defined, valgrind complains that "else" is not a command.
revert #652

reverting broad cosmetic/style change because:
- increases merge-conflicts
- increases overhead of merging upstream Vim patches
- reasons for change are ambiguous, so default to no change
Replace 'alloc' with 'xmalloc' in some files.

Files changed: charset.c, buffer.c, diff.c, edit.c,
ex_cmds.c, ex_cmds2.c and ex_docmd.c.

The remaining alloc's in these files require more careful attention to
remove.
Added missing #define guards in headers
Extract strings.c from misc2.c
Move `concat_strings` from path.c
Remove two-iteration loop from ExpandGeneric
Remove two-iteration loop from expand_filename
Remove two-iteration loop from check_keyword_id
Remove checks for SHORT_FNAME and USE_LONG_FNAME.

They were only defined for MSDOS which is now unsupported.
Don't retry to make the tempname in write_viminfo() with shortname=1

ref #572
Remove the code related to the shortname option
Remove the always-FALSE shortname argument from buf_modname()
Rename buf_modname to modname as they've become the same
Update README: progress section
Improve test_eval.in

The old version required to change the range given to :w for each new
test. Now a new buffer is used instead.
Do not detect macros like VIM_TRUE as boolean values
Remove project int types: Case short_u: Replace with uint16_t.

- Replace short_u with uint16_t (same size, should give no problems).
- When possible, remove explicit downcasts so that they are found when
  flag -Wconversion enabled.
- Remove short_u typedef.

Requested in #459.
Remove project int types: Case int_u: Replace with uint32_t.

- Replace int_u with uint32_t (same size, should give no problems).
  In fact, only usage found seems to be dead code (some functions in
  ui.h seem not to be used anymore).
- Remove int_u typedef.

Requested in #459.
Remove project int types: Case long_i: Replace with plain long.

Replace long_i with plain long.

long_i was just plain long, adding marker __w64, to be used by
Microsoft's compilers only, as an aid when transitioning from 32 bits to
64 bits. Purpose of this marker was, in fact, to make a 32 bit compiler
emit the same warnings that a 64 bit compiler would.

This __w64 marker is nowadays deprecated by said compilers, and use of a
real 64 bit compiler is recommended instead. See
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/s04b5w00.aspx for details.

So, there's no reason to maintain this anymore, and thus is removed.

Refactoring long into int64_t is not attempted, as doing that in a bulk
way is too much complicated. That is left to be done later, on a
file-by-file basis, probably intermixed with file-by-file -Wconversion
activation.

Requested in #459.