Reject out-of-range numeric timezone specifications.

In commit 631dc390f49909a5c8ebd6002cfb2bcee5415a9d, we started to handle
simple numeric timezone offsets via the zic library instead of the old
CTimeZone/HasCTZSet kluge.  However, we overlooked the fact that the zic
code will reject UTC offsets exceeding a week (which seems a bit arbitrary,
but not because it's too tight ...).  This led to possibly setting
session_timezone to NULL, which results in crashes in most timezone-related
operations as of 9.4, and crashes in a small number of places even before
that.  So check for NULL return from pg_tzset_offset() and report an
appropriate error message.  Per bug #11014 from Duncan Gillis.

Back-patch to all supported branches, like the previous patch.
(Unfortunately, as of today that no longer includes 8.4.)
gitattributes: Ignore time zone data files for whitespace checks

The latest update introduced some funny whitespace, but since they are
externally maintained files, we add them to the list of files to ignore.
Unset some local environment variables in TAP tests

Unset environment variables that control message language, so that we
can compare some program output with expected strings.  This is very
similar to what pg_regress does.
Diagnose incompatible OpenLDAP versions during build and test.

With OpenLDAP versions 2.4.24 through 2.4.31, inclusive, PostgreSQL
backends can crash at exit.  Raise a warning during "configure" based on
the compile-time OpenLDAP version number, and test the crash scenario in
the dblink test suite.  Back-patch to 9.0 (all supported versions).
Allow empty string object keys in json_object().

This makes the behaviour consistent with the json parser, other
json-generating functions, and the JSON standards.
Check block number against the correct fork in get_raw_page().

get_raw_page tried to validate the supplied block number against
RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(), which of course is only right when
accessing the main fork.  In most cases, the main fork is longer
than the others, so that the check was too weak (allowing a
lower-level error to be reported, but no real harm to be done).
However, very small tables could have an FSM larger than their heap,
in which case the mistake prevented access to some FSM pages.
Per report from Torsten Foertsch.

In passing, make the bad-block-number error into an ereport not elog
(since it's certainly not an internal error); and fix sloppily
maintained comment for RelationGetNumberOfBlocksInFork.

This has been wrong since we invented relation forks, so back-patch
to all supported branches.
Re-enable error for "SELECT ... OFFSET -1".

The executor has thrown errors for negative OFFSET values since 8.4 (see
commit bfce56eea45b1369b7bb2150a150d1ac109f5073), but in a moment of brain
fade I taught the planner that OFFSET with a constant negative value was a
no-op (commit 1a1832eb085e5bca198735e5d0e766a3cb61b8fc).  Reinstate the
former behavior by only discarding OFFSET with a value of exactly 0.  In
passing, adjust a planner comment that referenced the ancient behavior.

Back-patch to 9.3 where the mistake was introduced.
MSVC: Substitute $(top_builddir) in REGRESS_OPTS.

Commit d7cdf6ee36adeac9233678fb8f2a112e6678a770 introduced a usage
thereof.  Back-patch to 9.0, like that commit.
Report success when Windows kill() emulation signals an exiting process.

This is consistent with the POSIX verdict that kill() shall not report
ESRCH for a zombie process.  Back-patch to 9.0 (all supported versions).
Test code from commit d7cdf6ee36adeac9233678fb8f2a112e6678a770 depends
on it, and log messages about kill() reporting "Invalid argument" will
cease to appear for this not-unexpected condition.
Rearrange documentation paragraph describing pg_relation_size().

Break the list of available options into an <itemizedlist> instead of
inline sentences.  This is mostly motivated by wanting to ensure that the
cross-references to the FSM and VM docs don't cross page boundaries in PDF
format; but it seems to me to read more easily this way anyway.  I took the
liberty of editorializing a bit further while at it.

Per complaint from Magnus about 9.0.18 docs not building in A4 format.
Patch all active branches so we don't get blind-sided by this particular
issue again in future.
Fix TAP installcheck tests when current directory name contains spaces

This fixes the installcheck part.  The check part has additional
problems that will be addressed in a separate commit.
Fix bug where pg_receivexlog goes into busy loop if -s option is set to 0.

The problem is that pg_receivexlog calls select(2) with timeout=0 and
goes into busy loop when --status-interval option is set to 0. This bug
was introduced by the commit,
74cbe966fe2d76de1d607d933c98c144dab58769.

Per report from Sawada Masahiko
docs: Improve documentation of \pset without arguments.

The syntax summary previously failed to clarify that the first
argument is also optional.  The textual description did mention it,
but all the way at the bottom.  It fits better with the command
overview, so move it there, and fix the summary also.

Dilip Kumar, reviewed by Fabien Coelho
Avoid access to already-released lock in LockRefindAndRelease.

Spotted by Tom Lane.
Properly remove ephemeral replication slots after a crash restart.

Ephemeral slots - slots that shouldn't survive database restarts -
weren't properly cleaned up after a immediate/crash restart. They were
ignored in the sense that they weren't restored into memory and thus
didn't cause unwanted resource retention; but they prevented a new
slot with the same name from being created.

Now ephemeral slots are fully removed during startup.

Backpatch to 9.4 where replication slots where added.
Fix checkpointer crash in EXEC_BACKEND builds.

Nothing in the checkpointer calls InitXLOGAccess(), so WALInsertLocks
never got initialized there.  Without EXEC_BACKEND, it works anyway
because the correct value is inherited from the postmaster, but
with EXEC_BACKEND we've got a problem.  The problem appears to have
been introduced by commit 68a2e52bbaf98f136a96b3a0d734ca52ca440a95.

To fix, move the relevant initialization steps from InitXLOGAccess()
to XLOGShmemInit(), making this more parallel to what we do
elsewhere.

Amit Kapila
Prevent shm_mq_send from reading uninitialized memory.

shm_mq_send_bytes didn't invariably initialize *bytes_written before
returning, which would cause shm_mq_send to read from uninitialized
memory and add the value it found there to mqh->mqh_partial_bytes.
This could cause the next attempt to send a message via the queue to
fail an assertion (if the queue was detached) or copy data from a
garbage pointer value into the queue (if non-blocking mode was in use).
Move PGAC_LDAP_SAFE to config/programs.m4.

This restores the style of keeping configure.in free of AC_DEFUN.  Per
gripe from Tom Lane.
Handle WAIT_IO_COMPLETION return from WaitForMultipleObjectsEx().

This return code is possible wherever we pass bAlertable = TRUE; it
arises when Windows caused the current thread to run an "I/O completion
routine" or an "asynchronous procedure call".  PostgreSQL does not
provoke either of those Windows facilities, hence this bug remaining
largely unnoticed, but other local code might do so.  Due to a shortage
of complaints, no back-patch for now.

Per report from Shiv Shivaraju Gowda, this bug can cause
PGSemaphoreLock() to PANIC.  The bug can also cause select() to report
timeout expiration too early, which might confuse pgstat_init() and
CheckRADIUSAuth().
Fix a performance problem in pg_dump's dump order selection logic.

findDependencyLoops() was not bright about cases where there are multiple
dependency paths between the same two dumpable objects.  In most scenarios
this did not hurt us too badly; but since the introduction of section
boundary pseudo-objects in commit a1ef01fe163b304760088e3e30eb22036910a495,
it was possible for this code to take unreasonable amounts of time (tens
of seconds on a database with a couple thousand objects), as reported in
bug #11033 from Joe Van Dyk.  Joe's particular problem scenario involved
"pg_dump -a" mode with long chains of foreign key constraints, but I think
that similar problems could arise with other situations as long as there
were enough objects.  To fix, add a flag array that lets us notice when we
arrive at the same object again while searching from a given start object.
This simple change seems to be enough to eliminate the performance problem.

Back-patch to 9.1, like the patch that introduced section boundary objects.