Better document null search window

Hopefully this patch makes the code more:

* Self-documenting: Null search is always a zero window search,
  because it is testing for a fail high. It should never be done
  on a full window! The current code only works because we don't
  do it at PV nodes, and therefore (alpha, beta) = (beta-1, beta):
  that's the kind of "clever" trick we should avoid.

* Idiot-proof: If we want to enable null search at PV nodes, all we
  need to do now is comment out the !PvNode condition. It's that simple!

In theory, null search should not be done at PV nodes, because PV nodes
should never fail high. But in practice, they DO fail high, because of
aspiration windows, and search inconsistencies, for example. So it makes
sense to keep that flexibility in the code.

No functional change.
Retire null search verification

Tested with SPRT in simplification mode [-4.00,0.00],
this ensures that the patch is (very probably) not
a regression.

Passed both short TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-4.00,0.00]
Total: 27543 W: 4278 L: 4209 D: 19056

And long TC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-4.00,0.00]
Total: 39483 W: 7325 L: 7305 D: 24853

bench: 8347121
Don't fear races when are harmless

Actually race conditions do exist in an engine, just
think for a moment to TT concurrent access. Racy code
is not a problem per se, if the consequences are well
known and correctly handled.

In case of TT access we ensure that the TT move is validated
before to be tried, here we just retry the same move in less
that 1 case out of a million: this is totally harmless considering
that very probably the second time the move is tried we get
immediately a TT hit and search quickly returns.

So we simplify the code for no harm.

No fuctional change (in single thread case)
Inline common path of pos.gives_check

Test for common case which, when running default
stockfish bench, avoids 96% of 19 million calls to
pos.gives_check().

Yields to a 2-4% speed up according to platform.

Passed fishtest at STC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 12441 W: 2333 L: 2196 D: 7912
http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/52f02d790ebc5901df50f887

Passed fishtest at LTC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 42175 W: 6702 L: 6409 D: 29064
http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/52f0dbe00ebc5901df50f8a0

No functional change.
Rewrite previous patch removing the macro

No functional change.
Assorted tweaks from DON

Mainly renames and some little code style improvment,
inspired by looking at DON sources:

https://github.com/erashid/DON

No functional change.
Faster handling of king captures in Position::see

Another SEE speed up that passed the SPRT short TC test!

LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 81337 W: 15060 L: 14745 D: 51532

No functional change.
Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin' into KingAttackW

lären, warum dieser