feat(input): support types date, time, datetime-local, month, week

On older browser that don't support the new HTML5 inputs
and display a text input instead, the user is required to enter
the data in the corresponding ISO format. The value in `ng-model`
will always be a date.

E2e tests contain a workaround to a bug in webdriver,
see https://github.com/angular/protractor/issues/562.

Also adds weeks as format to the `dateFilter`.

Related to #757.
Closes #5864.
docs(guide/services): minor fixes