Added some functional things

A getter to simplify array.map and array.filter when the only thing to
do is use the value of some field.

A compose function.
Got rid of an americanism
Moved projects around. Added challenge

The projects weren’t in document order which made it a bit painful to
edit.  Mostly they are in order now.

Added a challenge field for the research challenge list in section
“Research methodology and approach”.  Corresponding function in Display.

Updates to excellence.tex.

Also removed unnecessary unpacks.
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/2014-ITN/2014-ITN

Conflicts:
	new-proposal/training.tex