mutex: Queue mutex spinners with MCS lock to reduce cacheline contention

Date	Mon, 15 Apr 2013 10:37:58 -0400

The current mutex spinning code (with MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER option turned
on) allow multiple tasks to spin on a single mutex concurrently. A
potential problem with the current approach is that when the mutex
becomes available, all the spinning tasks will try to acquire the
mutex more or less simultaneously. As a result, there will be a lot of
cacheline bouncing especially on systems with a large number of CPUs.

This patch tries to reduce this kind of contention by putting the
mutex spinners into a queue so that only the first one in the queue
will try to acquire the mutex. This will reduce contention and allow
all the tasks to move forward faster.

The queuing of mutex spinners is done using an MCS lock based
implementation which will further reduce contention on the mutex
cacheline than a similar ticket spinlock based implementation. This
patch will add a new field into the mutex data structure for holding
the MCS lock. This expands the mutex size by 8 bytes for 64-bit system
and 4 bytes for 32-bit system. This overhead will be avoid if the
MUTEX_SPIN_ON_OWNER option is turned off.

The following table shows the jobs per minute (JPM) scalability data
on an 8-node 80-core Westmere box with a 3.7.10 kernel. The numactl
command is used to restrict the running of the fserver workloads to
1/2/4/8 nodes with hyperthreading off.

+-----------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+----------+
|  Configuration  | Mean JPM  | Mean JPM  |  Mean JPM   | % Change |
|		  | w/o patch | patch 1   | patches 1&2 |  1->1&2  |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
|		  |              User Range 1100 - 2000		   |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 8 nodes, HT off |  227972   |  227237   |   305043    |  +34.2%  |
| 4 nodes, HT off |  393503   |  381558   |   394650    |   +3.4%  |
| 2 nodes, HT off |  334957   |  325240   |   338853    |   +4.2%  |
| 1 node , HT off |  198141   |  197972   |   198075    |   +0.1%  |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
|		  |              User Range 200 - 1000		   |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 8 nodes, HT off |  282325   |  312870   |   332185    |   +6.2%  |
| 4 nodes, HT off |  390698   |  378279   |   393419    |   +4.0%  |
| 2 nodes, HT off |  336986   |  326543   |   340260    |   +4.2%  |
| 1 node , HT off |  197588   |  197622   |   197582    |    0.0%  |
+-----------------+-----------+-----------+-------------+----------+
At low user range 10-100, the JPM differences were within +/-1%. So
they are not that interesting.

The fserver workload uses mutex spinning extensively. With just
the mutex change in the first patch, there is no noticeable change
in performance.  Rather, there is a slight drop in performance. This
mutex spinning patch more than recovers the lost performance and show
a significant increase of +30% at high user load with the full 8 nodes.
Similar improvements were also seen in a 3.8 kernel.

The table below shows the %time spent by different kernel functions
as reported by perf when running the fserver workload at 1500 users
with all 8 nodes.

+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
|        Function       |  % time   | % time  |   % time    |
|                       | w/o patch | patch 1 | patches 1&2 |
+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
| __read_lock_failed    |  34.96%   | 34.91%  |   29.14%    |
| __write_lock_failed   |  10.14%   | 10.68%  |    7.51%    |
| mutex_spin_on_owner   |   3.62%   |  3.42%  |    2.33%    |
| mspin_lock            |    N/A    |   N/A   |    9.90%    |
| __mutex_lock_slowpath |   1.46%   |  0.81%  |    0.14%    |
| _raw_spin_lock        |   2.25%   |  2.50%  |    1.10%    |
+-----------------------+-----------+---------+-------------+
The fserver workload for an 8-node system is dominated by the
contention in the read/write lock. Mutex contention also plays a
role. With the first patch only, mutex contention is down (as shown by
the __mutex_lock_slowpath figure) which help a little bit. We saw only
a few percents improvement with that.

By applying patch 2 as well, the single mutex_spin_on_owner figure is
now split out into an additional mspin_lock figure. The time increases
from 3.42% to 11.23%. It shows a great reduction in contention among
the spinners leading to a 30% improvement. The time ratio 9.9/2.33=4.3
indicates that there are on average 4+ spinners waiting in the spin_lock
loop for each spinner in the mutex_spin_on_owner loop. Contention in
other locking functions also go down by quite a lot.

The table below shows the performance change of both patches 1 & 2 over
patch 1 alone in other AIM7 workloads (at 8 nodes, hyperthreading off).

+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
|   Workload   | mean % change | mean % change  | mean % change   |
|              | 10-100 users  | 200-1000 users | 1100-2000 users |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
| alltests     |      0.0%     |     -0.8%      |     +0.6%       |
| five_sec     |     -0.3%     |     +0.8%      |     +0.8%       |
| high_systime |     +0.4%     |     +2.4%      |     +2.1%       |
| new_fserver  |     +0.1%     |    +14.1%      |    +34.2%       |
| shared       |     -0.5%     |     -0.3%      |     -0.4%       |
| short        |     -1.7%     |     -9.8%      |     -8.3%       |
+--------------+---------------+----------------+-----------------+
The short workload is the only one that shows a decline in performance
probably due to the spinner locking and queuing overhead.

Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@hp.com>
sched: Optimize build_sched_domains() for saving first SD node for a cpu

Date	Tue, 4 Jun 2013 16:50:18 +0530

We are saving first scheduling domain for a cpu in build_sched_domains() by
iterating over the nested sd->child list. We don't actually need to do it this
way.

*per_cpu_ptr(d.sd, i) is guaranteed to be NULL in the beginning as we have
called __visit_domain_allocation_hell() which does a memset to zero for struct
s_data.

So, save pointer to first SD while running the iteration loop over tl's.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Optimize build_sched_domains() for saving first SD node for a cpu

We are saving first scheduling domain for a cpu in build_sched_domains() by
iterating over the nested sd->child list. We don't actually need to do it this
way.

tl will be equal to sched_domain_topology for the first iteration and so we can
set *per_cpu_ptr(d.sd, i) based on that.  So, save pointer to first SD while
running the iteration loop over tl's.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Remove unused params of build_sched_domain()

Date	Tue, 4 Jun 2013 16:50:19 +0530

build_sched_domain() never uses parameter struct s_data *d and so passing it is
useless.

Remove it.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Use cached value of span instead of calling sched_domain_span()

Date	Tue, 11 Jun 2013 16:32:43 +0530

In the beginning of build_sched_groups() we called sched_domain_span() and
cached its return value in span. Few statements later we are calling it again to
get the same pointer.

Lets use the cached value instead as it hasn't changed in between.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: don't call get_group() for covered cpus

Date	Tue, 11 Jun 2013 16:32:44 +0530

In build_sched_groups() we don't need to call get_group() for cpus which are
already covered in previous iterations. So, call get_group() after checking if
cpu is covered or not.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: remove WARN_ON(!sd) from init_sched_groups_power()

Date	Tue, 11 Jun 2013 16:32:45 +0530

sd can't be NULL in init_sched_groups_power() and so checking it for NULL isn't
useful. In case it is required, then also we need to rearrange the code a bit as
we already accessed invalid pointer sd to get sg: sg = sd->groups.

Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: reduce calculation effort in fix_small_imbalance

Date	Mon, 17 Jun 2013 21:00:22 +0800

Actually all below item could be repalced by scaled_busy_load_per_task
	(sds->busiest_load_per_task * SCHED_POWER_SCALE)
		/sds->busiest->sgp->power;

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: scale the busy and this queue's per-task load before compare

Date	Mon, 17 Jun 2013 21:00:23 +0800

Since for max_load and this_load, they are the value that already be
scaled. It is not reasonble to get a minimum value between the scaled
and non-scaled value, like below example.
	min(sds->busiest_load_per_task, sds->max_load);

Also add comment over in what condition, there would be cpu power gain
in move the load.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: scale cpu load for judgment of group imbalance

Date	Mon, 17 Jun 2013 21:00:24 +0800

We cannot compare two load directly from two cpus, since the cpu power
over two cpu may vary largely.

Suppose we meet such two kind of cpus.
CPU A:
	No real time work, and there are 3 task, with rq->load.weight
being 512.
CPU B:
	Has real time work, and it take 3/4 of the cpu power, which
makes CFS only take 1/4, that is 1024/4=256 cpu power. And over its CFS
runqueue, there is only one task with weight as 128.

Since both cpu's CFS task take for half of the CFS's cpu power, it
should be considered as balanced in such case.

But original judgment like:
        if ((max_cpu_load - min_cpu_load) >= avg_load_per_task &&
            (max_nr_running - min_nr_running) > 1)
It makes (512-128)>=((512+128)/4), and lead to imbalance conclusion...
Make the load as scaled, to avoid such case.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>

modified for Mako kernel from LKML reference
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Reduce overestimating rq->avg_idle

Date	Thu, 29 Aug 2013 13:05:34 -0700

When updating avg_idle, if the delta exceeds some max value, then avg_idle
gets set to the max, regardless of what the previous avg was. This can cause
avg_idle to often be overestimated.

This patch modifies the way we update avg_idle by always updating it with the
function call to update_avg() first. Then, if avg_idle exceeds the max, we set
it to the max.

Signed-off-by: Jason Low <jason.low2@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>

Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Consider max cost of idle balance per sched domain

Date    Thu, 29 Aug 2013 13:05:35 -0700

In this patch, we keep track of the max cost we spend doing idle load balancing
for each sched domain. If the avg time the CPU remains idle is less then the
time we have already spent on idle balancing + the max cost of idle balancing
in the sched domain, then we don't continue to attempt the balance. We also
keep a per rq variable, max_idle_balance_cost, which keeps track of the max
time spent on newidle load balances throughout all its domains. Additionally,
we swap sched_migration_cost used in idle_balance for rq->max_idle_balance_cost.

By using the max, we avoid overrunning the average. This further reduces the chance
we attempt balancing when the CPU is not idle for longer than the cost to balance.

I also limited the max cost of each domain to 5*sysctl_sched_migration_cost as
a way to prevent the max from becoming too inflated.

Signed-off-by: Jason Low <jason.low2@hp.com>

backported for Linux 3.4

Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: Periodically decay max cost of idle balance

This RFC patch builds on patch 2 and periodically decays that max value to
do idle balancing per sched domain.

Though we want to decay it fairly consistently, we may not want to lower it by
too much each time, especially since avg_idle is capped based on that value.
So I thought that decaying the value every second and lowering it by half a
percent each time appeared to be fairly reasonable.

This change would allow us to remove the limit we set on each domain's max cost
to idle balance. Also, since the max can be reduced now, we now have to
update rq->max_idle balance_cost more frequently. So after every idle balance,
we loop through the sched domain to find the max sd's newidle load balance cost
for any one domain. Then we will set rq->max_idle_balance_cost to that value.

Since we are now decaying the max cost to do idle balancing, that max cost can
also become not high enough. One possible explanation for why is that
besides the time spent on each newidle load balance, there are other costs
associated with attempting idle balancing. Idle balance also releases and
reacquires a spin lock. That cost is not counted when we keep track of each
domain's cost to do newidle load balance. Also, acquiring the rq locks can
potentially prevent other CPUs from running something useful. And after
migrating tasks, it might potentially have to pay the costs of cache misses and
refreshing tasks' cache.

Because of that, this patch also compares avg_idle with max cost to do idle
balancing + sched_migration_cost. While using the max cost helps reduce
overestimating the average idle, the sched_migration_cost can help account
for those additional costs of idle balancing.

Signed-off-by: Jason Low <jason.low2@hp.com>
[peterz: rewrote the logic, but kept the spirit]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
backported to Linux 3.4
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change load balance number to h_nr_running of run queue

Date    Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:15 +0800

Since rq->nr_running would include both migration and rt task, it is not
reasonable to seek to move nr_running number of task in the load_balance
function, since it only apply to cfs type.

Change it to cfs's h_nr_running, which could well present the task
number in current cfs queue.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
backported to Linux 3.4 by faux123
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
kernel/sched/fair.c: fix merge derp

 from patch sched: change load balance number to h_nr_running of run queue

Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change cpu_avg_load_per_task using h_nr_running

Date	Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:16 +0800

Since cpu_avg_load_per_task is used only by cfs scheduler, its meaning
should present the average cfs type task load in the current run queue.
Thus we change it to h_nr_running for well presenting its meaning.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change pick_next_task_fair to h_nr_running

Date	Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:18 +0800

Since pick_next_task_fair only want to ensure there is some task in the
run queue to be picked up, it should use the h_nr_running instead of
nr_running, since nr_running cannot present all tasks if group existed.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change update_sg_lb_stats to h_nr_running

Date    Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:19 +0800

Since update_sg_lb_stats is used to calculate sched_group load
difference of cfs type task, it should use h_nr_running instead of
nr_running of rq.
Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
bacported to Linux 3.4 by faux123

Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change find_busiest_queue to h_nr_running

Date    Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:20 +0800

Since find_busiest_queue try to avoid do load balance for runqueue
which has only one cfs task and its load is above the imbalance
value calculated, we should use h_nr_running of cfs instead of
nr_running of rq.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>
sched: change active_load_balance_cpu_stop to use h_nr_running

Date	Sun, 18 Aug 2013 16:25:21 +0800

We should only avoid do the active load balance when there is no
cfs type task. If just use rq->nr_running, it is possible for the
source cpu has multiple rt task, while zero cfs task, so that it
would confuse the active load balance function that try to move,
but find no task it could move.

Signed-off-by: Lei Wen <leiwen@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Reioux <reioux@gmail.com>