Don't use ClimateControl when it's not necessary

The ProcessRunner and PosixRunner are perfectly capable of taking an
environment hash. This means there's no reason to use ClimateControl to
modify the environment beforehand. In order to find custom binaries, we
can modify the PATH on the command line -- yes, for both Unix and
Windows.

Unix commandlines use the normal `PATH=/new/path:$PATH cmd` syntax.
Windows uses `SET PATH=C:\new\path;%PATH% & cmd` instead.

The difference between then and now is that I found out that you can
actually separate commands in Windows with `&` (see
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/279253).

As a result of this the `supplemental_environment` isn't modified when
the `path` is modified. We keep the path in memory as a
`Cocaine::OS.path_separator`-separated string.

In addition, this commit cleans up the OS detection slightly, moving it
to a new class. In the future, we can do things like telling instead of
asking.

The result of all this is that the `ProcessRunner` and `PosixRunner`
should be thread-safe, since we're not mucking around with the `ENV`
when we run stuff anymore. This will make the high-throughput users of
Paperclip happy, since they shouldn't see clobbering issues like they
did before. I tested this by running the code supplied by @maxim,
https://github.com/thoughtbot/paperclip/issues/1709#issuecomment-64812263,
with the unmodified cocaine 0.5.4 gem and with this commit in place. It
failed in a few seconds before and ran for as long as I wanted after.

This also might fix a bug? Previously, on Java on Windows, commands
would be called prefixed with `env`, which doesn't exist on Windows. No
one complained, though, so you can guess how popular Java on Windows is
(or I'm completely screwing up).  Now we look for Windows first, then
use `env` with Java, and then Unix like normal.
Why can we do `OS` instead of `Cocaine::OS` here?