Follow-up for the pull request #737

In the pull request #737 I've noticed that some of strings weren't replaced with constants (e.g. `"HEAD"` [here](https://github.com/rack/rack/pull/737/files#diff-894804c816a11584eb28499cb8bbe396R73) or `"REQUEST_PATH"` [here](https://github.com/rack/rack/pull/737/files#diff-0a1c17672485b0f62a7f6a89a1f8de42R40)).

So I decided to fix that, and also converted other commonly used strings into constants. Hope it will add more consistency.

Okay, thank you the advice. I just followed the style from the line above `HTTP_METHODS = %w(GET HEAD PUT POST DELETE OPTIONS PATCH LINK UNLINK)` https://github.com/rack/rack/blob/022b0076b0eacad03eac48060198f05aa776a866/lib/rack/methodoverride.rb#L3