Move subst data structures into subst.rs, fix capitalization
Simplify MonoId not to include parameters which, given coherence, are purely derived
Move Def out of syntax crate, where it does not belong
Stop passing around Option<&substs> in trans and just pass &substs, making the code more regular
Add missing test case for contravariant trait matching
Fix resolve to not permit refs to type vars from outer fns
(Fixes #14603)
Introduce VecPerParamSpace and use it to represent sets of types and
parameters

This involves numerous substeps:

1. Treat Self same as any other parameter.
2. No longer compute offsets for method parameters.
3. Store all generic types (both trait/impl and method) with a method,
   eliminating odd discrepancies.
4. Stop doing unspeakable things to static methods and instead just use
   the natural types, now that we can easily add the type parameters from
   trait into the method's polytype.
5. No doubt some more. It was hard to separate these into distinct commits.

Fixes #13564
Temporarily add methods to treat a 3-tuple as a slice
auto merge of #14604 : nikomatsakis/rust/issue-5527-namespace-substs, r=pnkfelix

The current setup is to have a single vector of type parameters in
scope at any one time. We then have to concatenate the parameters from
the impl/trait with those of the method. This makes a lot of things
awkward, most notably associated fns ("static fns"). This branch
restructures the substitutions into three distinct namespaces (type,
self, fn). This makes most of the "type parameter management"
trivial. This also sets us up to support UFCS (though I haven't made
any particular changes in that direction in this patch).

Along the way, this patch fixes a few miscellaneous bits of code cleanup:

1. Patch resolve to detect references to out-of-scope type parameters,
   rather than checking for "out of bound" indices during substitution
   (fixes #14603).

2. Move def out of libsyntax into librustc where it belongs. I should have
   moved DefId too, but didn't.
   
3. Permit homogeneous tuples like `(T, T, T)` to be used as fixed-length
   vectors like `[T, ..3]`. This is awfully handy, though public facing.
   I suppose it requires an RFC.

4. Add some missing tests.

cc #5527

r? @pcwalton or @pnkfelix