(CFACT-44) Allow Ruby classes to be instantiated from Ruby.

Currently the Ruby classes implemented in libfacter can only be
instantiated from C++. If one of the classes is instantiated from Ruby,
we fail to associate the Ruby instance with the underlying C++ type.

To fix this, define an allocation, mark, and free callback for each type
we support allocating from Ruby.  The allocate function is responsible
for creating the underlying C++ type when the Ruby type is allocated.
The mark function is responsible for marking referenced VALUEs during
the mark phase of GC.  The free function is responsible for freeing the
underlying C++ type when the GC deallocates the Ruby object.
(CFACT-44) Replace cfacter gem with libfacter Ruby API.

The cfacter gem implementation is unnecessary now that we implement the
Ruby API in libfacter.  Therefore, remove it in favor of directly
calling into libfacter from Ruby.

To implement the gem's behavior, the C++ Facter module implementation
now implements the following methods:

* Facter.flush (and implemented on_flush in resolutions)
* Facter.list
* Facter.to_hash
* Facter.each
* Facter.clear
* Facter.reset
* Facter.loadfacts
* Facter.search
* Facter.search_path
* Facter.search_external
* Facter.search_external_path

Additionally, the logic for loading Ruby facts has moved out of the
collection (where it didn't belong) and moved into the C++ Facter
module.

We now follow the old Facter's loading design of first trying
to load a fact by file name and then falling back to loading all facts
if the fact can't be found.
(CFACT-44) Update for code review feedback.

* Add some comments regarding MRI documentation.
* Add some comments regarding VALUE and the use of "volatile".
* Remove unused rb_undef_alloc_func import.
* Use ranged for loop instead of iterator for loop in chunk.cc.
* Fix resolution::suitable to destruct iterator if user block raises.
* Log failures to canonicalize ruby search paths.
(CFACT-51) Link and run cfacter on Windows

Makes it possible to link the cfacter project on Windows using MinGW.
The cfacter executable can run, but produces no facts.