Rename FunctionProtoType accessors from 'arguments' to 'parameters'

Fix a perennial source of confusion in the clang type system: Declarations and
function prototypes have parameters to which arguments are supplied, so calling
these 'arguments' was a stretch even in C mode, let alone C++ where default
arguments, templates and overloading make the distinction important to get
right.

Readability win across the board, especially in the casting, ADL and
overloading implementations which make a lot more sense at a glance now.

Will keep an eye on the builders and update dependent projects shortly.

No functional change.