test: Move syntax extension tests to cfail-full
core: Move intrinsic float functionality from std

The Float trait in libstd is quite a large trait which has dependencies on cmath
(libm) and such, which libcore cannot satisfy. It also has many functions that
libcore can implement, however, as LLVM has intrinsics or they're just bit
twiddling.

This commit moves what it can of the Float trait from the standard library into
libcore to allow floats to be usable in the core library. The remaining
functions are now resident in a FloatMath trait in the standard library (in the
prelude now). Previous code which was generic over just the Float trait may now
need to be generic over the FloatMath trait.

[breaking-change]
core: Inherit the std::fmt module

This commit moves all possible functionality from the standard library's string
formatting utilities into the core library. This is a breaking change, due to a
few tweaks in the semantics of formatting:

1. In order to break the dependency on the std::io module, a new trait,
   FormatWriter was introduced in core::fmt. This is the trait which is used
   (instead of Writer) to format data into a stream.
2. The new FormatWriter trait has one method, write(), which takes some bytes
   and can return an error, but the error contains very little information. The
   intent for this trait is for an adaptor writer to be used around the standard
   library's Writer trait.
3. The fmt::write{,ln,_unsafe} methods no longer take &mut io::Writer, but
   rather &mut FormatWriter. Since this trait is less common, all functions were
   removed except fmt::write, and it is not intended to be invoked directly.

The main API-breaking change here is that the fmt::Formatter structure will no
longer expose its `buf` field. All previous code writing directly to `f.buf`
using writer methods or the `write!` macro will now instead use `f` directly.

The Formatter object itself implements the `Writer` trait itself for
convenience, although it does not implement the `FormatWriter` trait. The
fallout of these changes will be in the following commits.

[breaking-change]
core: Implement unwrap()/unwrap_err() on Result

Now that std::fmt is in libcore, it's possible to implement this as an inherit
method rather than through extension traits.

This commit also tweaks the failure interface of libcore to libstd to what it
should be, one method taking &fmt::Arguments
core: Allow formatted failure and assert in core

With std::fmt having migrated, the failure macro can be expressed in its full
glory.
core: Implement and export the try! macro

This is used quite extensively by core::fmt
core: Derive Show impls wherever possible

These were temporarily moved to explicit implementations, but now that fmt is in
core it's possible to derive again.
std: Add an adaptor for Writer => FormatWriter

This new method, write_fmt(), is the one way to write a formatted list of
arguments into a Writer stream. This has a special adaptor to preserve errors
which occur on the writer.

All macros will be updated to use this method explicitly.
syntax: Add a macro, format_args_method!()

Currently, the format_args!() macro takes as its first argument an expression
which is the callee of an ExprCall. This means that if format_args!() is used
with calling a method a closure must be used. Consider this code, however:

    format_args!(|args| { foo.writer.write_fmt(args) }, "{}", foo.field)

The closure borrows the entire `foo` structure, disallowing the later borrow of
`foo.field`. To preserve the semantics of the `write!` macro, it is also
impossible to borrow specifically the `writer` field of the `foo` structure
because it must be borrowed mutably, but the `foo` structure is not guaranteed
to be mutable itself.

This new macro is invoked like:

    format_args_method!(foo.writer, write_fmt, "{}", foo.field)

This macro will generate an ExprMethodCall which allows the borrow checker to
understand that `writer` and `field` should be borrowed separately.

This macro is not strictly necessary, with DST or possibly UFCS other
workarounds could be used. For now, though, it looks like this is required to
implement the `write!` macro.
std: Rewrite the `write!` and `writeln!` macros

These are reimplemented using the new `core::fmt` module.
Updates with core::fmt changes

1. Wherever the `buf` field of a `Formatter` was used, the `Formatter` is used
   instead.
2. The usage of `write_fmt` is minimized as much as possible, the `write!` macro
   is preferred wherever possible.
3. Usage of `fmt::write` is minimized, favoring the `write!` macro instead.
core: Implement f32/f64 formatting

This is a migration of the std::{f32, f64}::to_str* functionality to the core
library. This removes the growable `Vec` used in favor of a large stack buffer.
The maximum base 10 exponent for f64 is 308, so a stack buffer of 512 bytes
should be sufficient to store all floats.
std: Delegate some integer formatting to core::fmt

In an attempt to phase out the std::num::strconv module's string formatting
functionality, this commit reimplements some provided methods for formatting
integers on top of format!() instead of the custom (and slower) implementation
inside of num::strconv.

Primarily, this deprecates int_to_str_bytes_common
std: Fix float tests
core: Update all tests for fmt movement
auto merge of #14115 : alexcrichton/rust/core-fmt, r=brson

This was a more difficult change than I thought it would be, and it is unfortunately a breaking change rather than a drop-in replacement. Most of the rationale can be found in the third commit.

cc #13851