Keep column defaults in type cast form

The contract of `_field_changed?` assumes that the old value is always
type cast. That is not the case for the value in `Column#default` as
things are today. It appears there are other public methods that
assume that `Column#default` is type cast, as well. The reason for this
change originally was because the value gets put into `@raw_attributes`
in initialize. This reverts to the old behavior on `Column`, and updates
`initialize` to make sure that the values are in the right format.
Merge pull request #15492 from sgrif/sg-dirty-defaults

Keep column defaults in type cast form