[SPARK-2443][SQL] Fix slow read from partitioned tables

This fix obtains a comparable performance boost as [PR #1390](https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/1390) by moving an array update and deserializer initialization out of a potentially very long loop. Suggested by yhuai. The below results are updated for this fix.

## Benchmarks
Generated a local text file with 10M rows of simple key-value pairs. The data is loaded as a table through Hive. Results are obtained on my local machine using hive/console.

Without the fix:

Type | Non-partitioned | Partitioned (1 part)
------------ | ------------ | -------------
First run | 9.52s end-to-end (1.64s Spark job) | 36.6s (28.3s)
Stablized runs | 1.21s (1.18s) | 27.6s (27.5s)

With this fix:

Type | Non-partitioned | Partitioned (1 part)
------------ | ------------ | -------------
First run | 9.57s (1.46s) | 11.0s (1.69s)
Stablized runs | 1.13s (1.10s) | 1.23s (1.19s)

Author: Zongheng Yang <zongheng.y@gmail.com>

Closes #1408 from concretevitamin/slow-read-2 and squashes the following commits:

d86e437 [Zongheng Yang] Move update & initialization out of potentially long loop.
[SPARK-1946] Submit tasks after (configured ratio) executors have been registered

Because submitting tasks and registering executors are asynchronous, in most situation, early stages' tasks run without preferred locality.

A simple solution is sleeping few seconds in application, so that executors have enough time to register.

The PR add 2 configuration properties to make TaskScheduler submit tasks after a few of executors have been registered.

\# Submit tasks only after (registered executors / total executors) arrived the ratio, default value is 0
spark.scheduler.minRegisteredExecutorsRatio = 0.8

\# Whatever minRegisteredExecutorsRatio is arrived, submit tasks after the maxRegisteredWaitingTime(millisecond), default value is 30000
spark.scheduler.maxRegisteredExecutorsWaitingTime = 5000

Author: li-zhihui <zhihui.li@intel.com>

Closes #900 from li-zhihui/master and squashes the following commits:

b9f8326 [li-zhihui] Add logs & edit docs
1ac08b1 [li-zhihui] Add new configs to user docs
22ead12 [li-zhihui] Move waitBackendReady to postStartHook
c6f0522 [li-zhihui] Bug fix: numExecutors wasn't set & use constant DEFAULT_NUMBER_EXECUTORS
4d6d847 [li-zhihui] Move waitBackendReady to TaskSchedulerImpl.start & some code refactor
0ecee9a [li-zhihui] Move waitBackendReady from DAGScheduler.submitStage to TaskSchedulerImpl.submitTasks
4261454 [li-zhihui] Add docs for new configs & code style
ce0868a [li-zhihui] Code style, rename configuration property name of minRegisteredRatio & maxRegisteredWaitingTime
6cfb9ec [li-zhihui] Code style, revert default minRegisteredRatio of yarn to 0, driver get --num-executors in yarn/alpha
812c33c [li-zhihui] Fix driver lost --num-executors option in yarn-cluster mode
e7b6272 [li-zhihui] support yarn-cluster
37f7dc2 [li-zhihui] support yarn mode(percentage style)
3f8c941 [li-zhihui] submit stage after (configured ratio of) executors have been registered
[SPARK-2446][SQL] Add BinaryType support to Parquet I/O.

Note that this commit changes the semantics when loading in data that was created with prior versions of Spark SQL.  Before, we were writing out strings as Binary data without adding any other annotations. Thus, when data is read in from prior versions, data that was StringType will now become BinaryType.  Users that need strings can CAST that column to a String.  It was decided that while this breaks compatibility, it does make us compatible with other systems (Hive, Thrift, etc) and adds support for Binary data, so this is the right decision long term.

To support `BinaryType`, the following changes are needed:
- Make `StringType` use `OriginalType.UTF8`
- Add `BinaryType` using `PrimitiveTypeName.BINARY` without `OriginalType`

Author: Takuya UESHIN <ueshin@happy-camper.st>

Closes #1373 from ueshin/issues/SPARK-2446 and squashes the following commits:

ecacb92 [Takuya UESHIN] Add BinaryType support to Parquet I/O.
616e04a [Takuya UESHIN] Make StringType use OriginalType.UTF8.
[SPARK-2467] Revert SparkBuild to publish-local to both .m2 and .ivy2.

Author: Takuya UESHIN <ueshin@happy-camper.st>

Closes #1398 from ueshin/issues/SPARK-2467 and squashes the following commits:

7f01d58 [Takuya UESHIN] Revert SparkBuild to publish-local to both .m2 and .ivy2.
SPARK-2486: Utils.getCallSite is now resilient to bogus frames

When running Spark under certain instrumenting profilers,
Utils.getCallSite could crash with an NPE.  This commit
makes it more resilient to failures occurring while inspecting
stack frames.

Author: William Benton <willb@redhat.com>

Closes #1413 from willb/spark-2486 and squashes the following commits:

b7c0274 [William Benton] Use explicit null checks instead of Try()
0f0c1ae [William Benton] Utils.getCallSite is now resilient to bogus frames
Add/increase severity of warning in documentation of groupBy()

groupBy()/groupByKey() is notorious for being a very convenient API that can lead to poor performance when used incorrectly.

This PR just makes it clear that users should be cautious not to rely on this API when they really want a different (more performant) one, such as reduceByKey().

(Note that one source of confusion is the name; this groupBy() is not the same as a SQL GROUP-BY, which is used for aggregation and is more similar in nature to Spark's reduceByKey().)

Author: Aaron Davidson <aaron@databricks.com>

Closes #1380 from aarondav/warning and squashes the following commits:

f60da39 [Aaron Davidson] Give better advice
d0afb68 [Aaron Davidson] Add/increase severity of warning in documentation of groupBy()
[SPARK-2390] Files in staging directory cannot be deleted and wastes the space of HDFS

When running jobs with YARN Cluster mode and using HistoryServer, the files in the Staging Directory (~/.sparkStaging on HDFS) cannot be deleted.
HistoryServer uses directory where event log is written, and the directory is represented as a instance of o.a.h.f.FileSystem created by using FileSystem.get.

On the other hand, ApplicationMaster has a instance named fs, which also created by using FileSystem.get.

FileSystem.get returns cached same instance when URI passed to the method represents same file system and the method is called by same user.
Because of the behavior, when the directory for event log is on HDFS, fs of ApplicationMaster and fileSystem of FileLogger is same instance.
When shutting down ApplicationMaster, fileSystem.close is called in FileLogger#stop, which is invoked by SparkContext#stop indirectly.

And ApplicationMaster#cleanupStagingDir also called by JVM shutdown hook. In this method, fs.delete(stagingDirPath) is invoked.
Because fs.delete in ApplicationMaster is called after fileSystem.close in FileLogger, fs.delete fails and results not deleting files in the staging directory.

I think, calling fileSystem.delete is not needed.

Author: Kousuke Saruta <sarutak@oss.nttdata.co.jp>

Closes #1326 from sarutak/SPARK-2390 and squashes the following commits:

10e1a88 [Kousuke Saruta] Removed fileSystem.close from FileLogger.scala not to prevent any other FileSystem operation
[SPARK-2485][SQL] Lock usage of hive client.

Author: Michael Armbrust <michael@databricks.com>

Closes #1412 from marmbrus/lockHiveClient and squashes the following commits:

4bc9d5a [Michael Armbrust] protected[hive]
22e9177 [Michael Armbrust] Add comments.
7aa8554 [Michael Armbrust] Don't lock on hive's object.
a6edc5f [Michael Armbrust] Lock usage of hive client.
discarded exceeded completedDrivers

When completedDrivers number exceeds the threshold, the first Max(spark.deploy.retainedDrivers, 1) will be discarded.

Author: lianhuiwang <lianhuiwang09@gmail.com>

Closes #1114 from lianhuiwang/retained-drivers and squashes the following commits:

8789418 [lianhuiwang] discarded exceeded completedDrivers
[SPARK-2399] Add support for LZ4 compression.

Based on Greg Bowyer's patch from JIRA https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2399

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1416 from rxin/lz4 and squashes the following commits:

6c8fefe [Reynold Xin] Fixed typo.
8a14d38 [Reynold Xin] [SPARK-2399] Add support for LZ4 compression.
[SPARK-2477][MLlib] Using appendBias for adding intercept in GeneralizedLinearAlgorithm

Instead of using prependOne currently in GeneralizedLinearAlgorithm, we would like to use appendBias for 1) keeping the indices of original training set unchanged by adding the intercept into the last element of vector and 2) using the same public API for consistently adding intercept.

Author: DB Tsai <dbtsai@alpinenow.com>

Closes #1410 from dbtsai/SPARK-2477_intercept_with_appendBias and squashes the following commits:

011432c [DB Tsai] From Alpine Data Labs
Update README.md to include a slightly more informative project description.

(cherry picked from commit 401083be9f010f95110a819a49837ecae7d9c4ec)
Signed-off-by: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>
README update: added "for Big Data".
[MLLIB] [SPARK-2222] Add multiclass evaluation metrics

Adding two classes:
1) MulticlassMetrics implements various multiclass evaluation metrics
2) MulticlassMetricsSuite implements unit tests for MulticlassMetrics

Author: Alexander Ulanov <nashb@yandex.ru>
Author: unknown <ulanov@ULANOV1.emea.hpqcorp.net>
Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #1155 from avulanov/master and squashes the following commits:

2eae80f [Alexander Ulanov] Merge pull request #1 from mengxr/avulanov-master
5ebeb08 [Xiangrui Meng] minor updates
79c3555 [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr
0fa9511 [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr
f0dadc9 [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr
4811378 [Alexander Ulanov] Removing println
87fb11f [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr. Added confusion matrix
e3db569 [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr. Added true positive rate and false positive rate. Test suite code style.
a7e8bf0 [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr
c3a77ad [Alexander Ulanov] Addressing reviewers comments mengxr
e2c91c3 [Alexander Ulanov] Fixes to mutliclass metics
d5ce981 [unknown] Comments about Double
a5c8ba4 [unknown] Unit tests. Class rename
fcee82d [unknown] Unit tests. Class rename
d535d62 [unknown] Multiclass evaluation
Reformat multi-line closure argument.

Author: William Benton <willb@redhat.com>

Closes #1419 from willb/reformat-2486 and squashes the following commits:

2676231 [William Benton] Reformat multi-line closure argument.
SPARK-2480: Resolve sbt warnings "NOTE: SPARK_YARN is deprecated, please use -Pyarn flag"

Author: witgo <witgo@qq.com>

Closes #1404 from witgo/run-tests and squashes the following commits:

f703aee [witgo] fix Note: implicit method fromPairDStream is not applicable here because it comes after the application point and it lacks an explicit result type
2944f51 [witgo] Remove "NOTE: SPARK_YARN is deprecated, please use -Pyarn flag"
ef59c70 [witgo] fix Note: implicit method fromPairDStream is not applicable here because it comes after the application point and it lacks an explicit result type
6cefee5 [witgo] Remove "NOTE: SPARK_YARN is deprecated, please use -Pyarn flag"
SPARK-1291: Link the spark UI to RM ui in yarn-client mode

Author: witgo <witgo@qq.com>

Closes #1112 from witgo/SPARK-1291 and squashes the following commits:

6022bcd [witgo] review commit
1fbb925 [witgo] add addAmIpFilter to yarn alpha
210299c [witgo] review commit
1b92a07 [witgo] review commit
6896586 [witgo] Add comments to addWebUIFilter
3e9630b [witgo] review commit
142ee29 [witgo] review commit
1fe7710 [witgo] Link the spark UI to RM ui in yarn-client mode
Added LZ4 to compression codec in configuration page.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1417 from rxin/lz4 and squashes the following commits:

472f6a1 [Reynold Xin] Set the proper default.
9cf0b2f [Reynold Xin] Added LZ4 to compression codec in configuration page.
[SPARK-2471] remove runtime scope for jets3t

The assembly jar (built by sbt) doesn't include jets3t if we set it to runtime only, but I don't know whether it was set this way for a particular reason.

CC: srowen ScrapCodes

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #1402 from mengxr/jets3t and squashes the following commits:

bfa2d17 [Xiangrui Meng] remove runtime scope for jets3t
[SPARK-2483][SQL] Fix parsing of repeated, nested data access.

Author: Michael Armbrust <michael@databricks.com>

Closes #1411 from marmbrus/nestedRepeated and squashes the following commits:

044fa09 [Michael Armbrust] Fix parsing of repeated, nested data access.