Revert Contempt = 20

Despite being neutral at STC, it turned out to be regressive at LTC:

40k games at LTC with Hash=8
ELO: -2.06 +-1.9 (95%) LOS: 1.4%
Total: 39720 W: 5740 L: 5976 D: 28004

40k games at LTC with Hash=128
ELO: -2.69 +-1.9 (95%) LOS: 0.2%
Total: 39149 W: 5702 L: 6005 D: 27442

bench 7477963
Outpost tuning
double mg bonus and half eg bonus.

STC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 18142 W: 3094 L: 2948 D: 12100

LTC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,4.00]
Total: 83561 W: 11706 L: 11329 D: 60526

bench 7831429
Aspiration: widen slower
STC:
LLR: -2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,4.00]
Total: 182323 W: 30664 L: 30234 D: 121425

LTC:
LLR: 3.51 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,4.00]
Total: 59841 W: 8345 L: 8006 D: 43490

bench 7962536
Small code style reformatting

No functional change.
Fix a warning with MSVC 2010

Warning C4267: 'argument' : conversion from 'size_t' to 'int', possible loss of data

No functional change.
Document Threat[] indices
From Marco's repo.

No functional change.
Correct bench timing

No functional change.
Ensure printing UCI info in multi-pv case

After commit 94b1bbb68be6b0bc3aaf1cb804841a022bcc7007, in case available root moves are less than multiPV, we
could never reach condition:

PVIdx + 1 == multiPV

and as a consequence UCI output is not printed.

Fixed suggested by Joerg Oster.

No functional change.
Retire divide command
The main purpose of perft is to help debugging. But without the breakdown in sum of perft(N-1), it is a
completely useless debugging tool.

So perft now displays the breakdown, and divide is therefore removed.

No functional change.
Default Hash defined in a single place
Instead of defining it both in ucioption.cpp and benchmark.cpp. Obviously changing the default Hash will
change the bench as a result.

No functional change.
Reduce minimum memory requirement by 16MB
Stockfish allocates the default hash (32MB) in main(), before entering UCI::loop(). If there is not enough
memory, the program will crash even before UCI::loop() is entered and the GUI is given a change to specify a
lower Hash value.

This defective design could be resolved by doing a lazy allocation upon "isready" command, as the UCI protocol
guarantees that "isready" will be sent at least once before any search. But it's a bit cumbersome when using
Stockfish "manually" to have to remember to type "isready" everytime.

So leave the current design, but reduce the default hash to 16MB instread of 32MB. In order to perform such
quick searches (depth=13), there is no reason to use so much Hash anyway. Another benefit is to introduce a
bit of hash pressure in bench, which increases chances to detect rare bugs related to TT replacement, for
example.

This is not a functional change, although it obviously changes the bench.

bench 7461879
Remove useless code in Position::pretty()
First, remove some dead code (function never called with a Move argument).

Then, remove printing of legal moves, which does not belong here. Let's keep commands orthogonal and minimal:
- the "d" command should display the board, nothing more, or less.
- "perft 1" will display the list of legal moves.

No functional change.
Remove insufficient material rule
The eval already returns zero in KK, KBK, KNK (see material.cpp). The difference is:
- we lose the "TB pruning" benefit of the draw rule (ie. search goes on even if eval is zero)
- we gain some speed by removing a useless test from the hot path

STC:
LLR: 0.05 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 128000 W: 21357 L: 21560 D: 85083

LTC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 33023 W: 4613 L: 4509 D: 23901

bench 7461881
Fix Hash in bench
The compiler tries to cast Options["Hash"] into a string, using:

Option::operator std::string() const {
  assert(type == "string");
  return currentValue;
}

And, as expected, the assert() fails.

std::to_string() would be the right solution, but it's C++11. And using a stringstream is too much code to
achieve so little. Let's keep it the way it was: hardcoded (ie. default hash defined in two places).

No functional change.
Write perft(N-1) into cout
So that one can redirect cout to /dev/null and only print print cerr in the terminal (for more accurate speed
tests).

Suggested by Marco.

No functional change.
Rework perft implementation

Unify various perft functions and move all the code
to search.cpp.

Avoid perft implementation to be splitted between
benchmark.cpp (where it has no reason to be) and
search.cpp

No functional and no speed change (tested).
Move to_char() and to_string() to notation
Where they better belong.

Also, this removes '#include <string>' from types.h, which reduces the amount of code to compile (every
translation unit includes types.h).

No functional change.
Retire move_to_san()

Now "Write Search Log" will pring moves in UCI format, consistent with all the rest. This functionality is
not aimed at end-users anyway. It's hardly useful at all, in fact. Also, pretty-printing SAN moves is
something that better belongs in the GUI than in the engine.

No functional change.
Fix perft 1

Compute correct number of moves for this corner case.

A smal bug crept in after recent perft rework.

No functional change.
update_stats: consider pieces which moves to times in a row (Take 1)