Reapply "DebugInfo: Ensure that all debug location scope chains from instructions within a function, lead to the function itself."

Originally reverted in r213432 with flakey failures on an ASan self-host
build. After reduction it seems to be the same issue fixed in r213805
(ArgPromo + DebugInfo: Handle updating debug info over multiple
applications of argument promotion) and r213952 (by having
LiveDebugVariables strip dbg_value intrinsics in functions that are not
described by debug info). Though I cannot explain why this failure was
flakey...