std: Move rand to librand.

This functionality is not super-core and so doesn't need to be included
in std. It's possible that std may need rand (it does a little bit now,
for io::test) in which case the functionality required could be moved to
a secret hidden module and reexposed by librand.

Unfortunately, using #[deprecated] here is hard: there's too much to
mock to make it feasible, since we have to ensure that programs still
typecheck to reach the linting phase.
Remove the dependence of std::io::test on rand.

This replaces it with a manual "task rng" using XorShift and a crappy
seeding mechanism. Theoretically good enough for the purposes
though (unique for tests).
Update users for the std::rand -> librand move.
rand: deprecate `rng`.

This should be called far less than it is because it does expensive OS
interactions and seeding of the internal RNG, `task_rng` amortises this
cost. The main problem is the name is so short and suggestive.

The direct equivalent is `StdRng::new`, which does precisely the same
thing.

The deprecation will make migrating away from the function easier.
auto merge of #12650 : huonw/rust/librand, r=alexcrichton

Move std::rand to a separate rand crate

This functionality is not super-core and so doesn't need to be included
in std. It's possible that std may need rand (it does a little bit now,
for io::test) in which case the functionality required could be moved to
a secret hidden module and reexposed by librand.

Unfortunately, using #[deprecated] here is hard: there's too much to
mock to make it feasible, since we have to ensure that programs still
typecheck to reach the linting phase.

Also, deprecates/removes `rand::rng` (this time using `#[deprecated]`), since it's too easy to accidentally use inside a loop, making things very slow (have to read randomness from the OS and seed the RNG each time.)