Make the improper_ctypes lint more robust

It now checks extern fns in addition to foreign fns and checks `DefStruct`
defs as well.

There is room for improvement: for example, I believe that pointers
should be safe in extern fn signatures regardless of the pointee's
representation.

The `FIXME` on `rust_begin_unwind_fmt` is because I don't think it
should be, or needs to be, C ABI (cc @eddyb) and it takes a problematic
`fmt::Arguments` structure by value.

Fix #20098, fix #19834