rustc: Start accepting `*const T`

This does not yet change the compiler and libraries from `*T` to `*const T` as
it will require a snapshot to do so.

cc #7362
auto merge of #14952 : alexcrichton/rust/const-unsafe-pointers, r=brson

This does not yet change the compiler and libraries from `*T` to `*const T` as
it will require a snapshot to do so.

cc #7362

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Note that the corresponding RFC, https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/68, has not yet been accepted. It was [discussed at the last meeting](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/wiki/Meeting-weekly-2014-06-10#rfc-pr-68-unsafe-pointers-rename-t-to-const-t) and decided to be accepted, however. I figured I'd get started on the preliminary work for the RFC that will be required regardless.