Clean up VALUE_KNOWN_WIN conditions

A patch (+ some extra changes) passed with:

STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 14575 W: 3101 L: 2967 D: 8507

LTC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 42579 W: 7580 L: 7496 D: 27503

Bench: 6545733

Resolves #52
Move ONE_PLY to be 1 instead of 2: search()

Now that half-plies are no more used we can simplify
the code assuming that ONE_PLY is 1 and no more 2.

Verified with a SMP test:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-4.50,0.00]
Total: 8926 W: 1712 L: 1607 D: 5607

No functional change.
Trivial code style fixes

Mainly to sync mine and official repo.

No functional change.
Convert TT depth to int8_t

Now that half plies have been removed from the engine, we can encode
TT depth into an int8_t.

Range is -128 to +127, so it goes still further than the previous
limit of 121 plies (with ONE_PLY == 2 where depth - DEPTH_NONE was
encoded as an uint8_t).

No functional change.

Resolved #60
Speculative prefetch

Idea by Peter Oesterlund.
Implemented and tested by Joerg Oester

STC 3 threads
ELO: 3.19 +-2.1 (95%) LOS: 99.9%
Total: 40000 W: 7576 L: 7209 D: 25215

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 22026 W: 3829 L: 3619 D: 14578

STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 7291 W: 1531 L: 1404 D: 4356

No functional change

Resolves #61
Extend King Threats to all pieces (other than pawns).

STC
LLR: 2.99 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 20559 W: 4261 L: 4095 D: 12203

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,4.00]
Total: 75232 W: 13097 L: 12696 D: 49439

Bench: 7543790

Resolves #63
Reformat and rename hash_after_move()

Align to standard coding style and properly use
enum types. Rename while there.

No functional change.
Simplify futility move count array formula

No functional change
Remove the now redundant TT prefetch call from Position::do_move.

Tested for no regression and passed both
STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 48250 W: 9757 L: 9686 D: 28807

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 51412 W: 8887 L: 8816 D: 33709

No functional change.

Resolves #66
Merge Connected and Candidate

These two notions are very correlated. Since connected has the most
generality, it makes sense to generalize it to encompass what is
covered by candidate.

STC:
LLR: 4.03 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 11970 W: 2577 L: 2379 D: 7014

LTC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 13194 W: 2389 L: 2255 D: 8550

bench 7328585
Merge pull request #4 from official-stockfish/master

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