add support for quadruple precision floating point

This currently requires linking against a library like libquadmath (or
libgcc), because compiler-rt barely has any support for this and most
hardware does not yet have 128-bit precision floating point. For this
reason, it's currently hidden behind a feature gate.

When compiler-rt is updated to trunk, some tests can be added for
constant evaluation since there will be support for the comparison
operators.

Closes #13381
auto merge of #13415 : thestinger/rust/f128, r=alexcrichton

This currently requires linking against a library like libquadmath (or
libgcc), because compiler-rt barely has any support for this and most
hardware does not yet have 128-bit precision floating point. For this
reason, it's currently hidden behind a feature gate.

When compiler-rt is updated to trunk, some tests can be added for
constant evaluation since there will be support for the comparison
operators.

Closes #13381