Add float-to-half (binary16) conversion functions.

Based on code by Fabian Giesen at
https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2012/03/28/half-to-float-done-quic/.

These will be needed for creating binary16 textures from floating point data.

BUG=skia:3103

Review URL: https://codereview.chromium.org/760753003