x86: slightly better debuggable bincode

While tracking down an error in #1253 I ameded newlib a bit to be
slightly better debuggable. Some lengthy macros were removed in favor of
proper functions.

The parameter passing was wrong before (because of a bug in newlib),
because the user provided CFLAGS were overwritten in the subfolders.
It is kinda strange that this did not cause errors.

The standalone version of the toolchain script was deleted, because it
is not reasonable to maintain two scripts.
x86: Use 'versioning' for precompiled newlib
Merge pull request #1254 from Kijewski/x86-newlib-nicer-patches

x86: slightly better debuggable bincode
make: refactor make system (parallelism, deduplication)

Almost everything was build sequentially in RIOT, because we employed
explicit for-loops to build directories (DIRS). This PR makes our make
system use normal dependencies to build directories.

All our compiling rules were duplicated, once for the application, once
for modules. This PR makes the application a normal module, removing
this duplication.
make: make DIRS usable for applications
tests: test_bloom: fix PROJDEPS
make: create dependencies as side effect
make: use abspath for better error messages
make: valuate the GIT version only once
make: force rebuild for .a files