[Validator] Added error codes to all constraints with multiple error causes

| Q             | A
| ------------- | ---
| Bug fix?      | no
| New feature?  | yes
| BC breaks?    | no
| Deprecations? | no
| Tests pass?   | yes
| Fixed tickets | 
| License       | MIT
| Doc PR        | TODO

This PR depends on #12015 and #12016 being merged first. However, a few changes in 52cb7df first must be backported to these PRs.

This PR introduces error codes for all constraints with multiple error paths. This lets you determine what exactly the reason was that a constraint failed:

```php
$validator = Validation::createValidator();

$violations = $validator->validate('0-4X19-92619812', new Isbn());

foreach ($violations as $violation) {
    var_dump($violation->getCode());
    // => int(3)
    var_dump(Isbn::getErrorName($violation->getCode()));
    // => string(24) "ERROR_INVALID_CHARACTERS"
    var_dump($violation->getConstraint()->getErrorName($violation->getCode()));
    // => string(24) "ERROR_INVALID_CHARACTERS"
}
```

The `getErrorName()` method is especially helpful for REST APIs, where you can return both an error code and a description of that error now.