Reapply "Linker: Drop superseded subprograms"

This reverts commit r224416, reapplying r224389.  The buildbots hadn't
recovered after my revert, waiting until David reverted a couple of his
commits.  It looks like it was just bad timing (where we were both
modifying code related to the same assertion).  Trying again...

Here's the original text:

    When a function gets replaced by `ModuleLinker`, drop superseded
    subprograms.  This ensures that the "first" subprogram pointing at a
    function is the same one that `!dbg` references point at.

    This is a stop-gap fix for PR21910.  Notably, this fixes Release+Asserts
    bootstraps that are currently asserting out in
    `LexicalScopes::initialize()` due to the explicit instantiations in
    `lib/IR/Dominators.cpp` eventually getting replaced by -argpromotion.