Reimplement `<*>`

Use `coerce` for the `Functor` instance of `Elem`

Using `fmap = coerce` for `Elem` speeds up `<*>` by somewhere
around 20%.

Benchmark results:

OLD:

benchmarking <*>/ix1000/500000
time                 11.47 ms   (11.37 ms .. 11.59 ms)
                     0.999 R²   (0.998 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 11.61 ms   (11.52 ms .. 11.73 ms)
std dev              279.9 μs   (209.5 μs .. 385.6 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf100/2500/rep
time                 8.530 ms   (8.499 ms .. 8.568 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 8.511 ms   (8.498 ms .. 8.528 ms)
std dev              40.40 μs   (28.55 μs .. 63.84 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf100/2500/ff
time                 27.13 ms   (26.16 ms .. 28.70 ms)
                     0.994 R²   (0.988 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 26.49 ms   (26.29 ms .. 27.43 ms)
std dev              697.1 μs   (153.0 μs .. 1.443 ms)

benchmarking <*>/nf500/500/rep
time                 8.421 ms   (8.331 ms .. 8.491 ms)
                     0.991 R²   (0.967 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 8.518 ms   (8.417 ms .. 9.003 ms)
std dev              529.9 μs   (40.37 μs .. 1.176 ms)
variance introduced by outliers: 32% (moderately inflated)

benchmarking <*>/nf500/500/ff
time                 33.71 ms   (33.58 ms .. 33.86 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 33.69 ms   (33.62 ms .. 33.76 ms)
std dev              150.0 μs   (119.0 μs .. 191.0 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf2500/100/rep
time                 8.390 ms   (8.259 ms .. 8.456 ms)
                     0.997 R²   (0.992 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 8.544 ms   (8.441 ms .. 8.798 ms)
std dev              402.6 μs   (21.25 μs .. 714.9 μs)
variance introduced by outliers: 23% (moderately inflated)

benchmarking <*>/nf2500/100/ff
time                 53.69 ms   (53.33 ms .. 54.08 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 53.59 ms   (53.38 ms .. 53.75 ms)
std dev              341.2 μs   (231.7 μs .. 473.9 μs)

NEW

benchmarking <*>/ix1000/500000
time                 2.688 μs   (2.607 μs .. 2.798 μs)
                     0.994 R²   (0.988 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 2.632 μs   (2.607 μs .. 2.715 μs)
std dev              129.9 ns   (65.93 ns .. 242.8 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 64% (severely inflated)

benchmarking <*>/nf100/2500/rep
time                 8.371 ms   (8.064 ms .. 8.535 ms)
                     0.983 R²   (0.947 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 8.822 ms   (8.590 ms .. 9.463 ms)
std dev              991.2 μs   (381.3 μs .. 1.809 ms)
variance introduced by outliers: 61% (severely inflated)

benchmarking <*>/nf100/2500/ff
time                 22.84 ms   (22.74 ms .. 22.94 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 22.78 ms   (22.71 ms .. 22.86 ms)
std dev              183.3 μs   (116.3 μs .. 291.3 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf500/500/rep
time                 8.320 ms   (8.102 ms .. 8.514 ms)
                     0.995 R²   (0.990 R² .. 0.999 R²)
mean                 8.902 ms   (8.675 ms .. 9.407 ms)
std dev              952.4 μs   (435.5 μs .. 1.672 ms)
variance introduced by outliers: 58% (severely inflated)

benchmarking <*>/nf500/500/ff
time                 24.50 ms   (24.41 ms .. 24.58 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 24.44 ms   (24.41 ms .. 24.48 ms)
std dev              75.08 μs   (50.16 μs .. 111.3 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf2500/100/rep
time                 8.419 ms   (8.366 ms .. 8.458 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 8.571 ms   (8.525 ms .. 8.670 ms)
std dev              179.5 μs   (112.0 μs .. 278.1 μs)

benchmarking <*>/nf2500/100/ff
time                 24.14 ms   (24.07 ms .. 24.26 ms)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 24.11 ms   (24.07 ms .. 24.17 ms)
std dev              103.8 μs   (68.34 μs .. 142.0 μs)
Add Applicative benchmarks
Exploit some invariants

Consequently, get rid of ApState.

This speeds up the immediate-indexing test substantially:

Old:

benchmarking <*>/ix1000/500000
time                 2.688 μs   (2.607 μs .. 2.798 μs)
                     0.994 R²   (0.988 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 2.632 μs   (2.607 μs .. 2.715 μs)
std dev              129.9 ns   (65.93 ns .. 242.8 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 64% (severely inflated)

New:

benchmarking <*>/ix1000/500000
time                 1.410 μs   (1.402 μs .. 1.417 μs)
                     1.000 R²   (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean                 1.417 μs   (1.411 μs .. 1.425 μs)
std dev              21.45 ns   (16.80 ns .. 31.73 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 14% (moderately inflated)
Merge pull request #104 from treeowl/ap

Make <*> fast
Bump version number to 0.5.6.2
update benchmarks Makefile
update benchmarks to work with criterion-1.0
Merge pull request #110 from int-e/bench

update benchmarks for criterion-1.0