STORM-495: KafkaSpout retries with exponential backoff

This is an implementation of the improvement request STORM-495:
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/STORM-495

It was recreated from my fork's master branch after the PR reviews were conducted here:
https://github.com/apache/storm/pull/254

The KafkaSpout keeps track of failed messages through multiple retries, and delays their resubmission to the topology with an exponentially increasing delay time. The spout does not terminate the retry cycle (it is my conviction that it should not do so, because it cannot report context about the failure that happened to abort the reqeust), it only handles delaying the retries. A bolt in the topology is still expected to eventually call ack() instead of fail() to stop the cycle.