runtime: introduce, use funcPC to convert Go func to PC

This removes the ** unsafe hack.

Real bug fixed at chan.go:101.

LGTM=dave, r, iant
R=golang-codereviews, dave, r, iant
CC=dvyukov, golang-codereviews, khr
https://codereview.appspot.com/140870044
runtime: convert a few traceback-related functions from proc.c to traceback.go

They were in proc.c mainly because there was no portable
traceback source file. As part of converting them to Go,
move to traceback.go.

In order to get access to the PC of _rt0_go,
rename to runtime.rt0_go.

LGTM=r
R=golang-codereviews, r
CC=dvyukov, golang-codereviews, iant, khr
https://codereview.appspot.com/139110043