Allow generic foreign functions.

Generic extern functions written in Rust have their names mangled, as well as their internal clownshoe __rust_abi functions. This allows e.g. specific monomorphizations of these functions to be used as callbacks.

Closes #12502.
Add new tests for extern and foreign fns and name mangling.
auto merge of #15831 : rpjohnst/rust/generic-foreign-fns, r=alexcrichton

This allows for things like this:

    extern "C" fn callback<T>(t: T) { /* ... */ }
    extern "C" {
        fn take_callback(c: extern fn(i32));
    }

and later:

    take_callback(callback::<i32>);

Closes #12502.