Bitcode: Add METADATA_NODE and METADATA_VALUE

This reflects the typelessness of `Metadata` in the bitcode format,
removing types from all metadata operands.

`METADATA_VALUE` represents a `ValueAsMetadata`, and always has two
fields: the type and the value.

`METADATA_NODE` represents an `MDNode`, and unlike `METADATA_OLD_NODE`,
doesn't store types.  It stores operands at their ID+1 so that `0` can
reference `nullptr` operands.

Part of PR21532.

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@224073 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8