DOC: silence several Sphinx warnings when building the docs

Fixes some twenty-odd Sphinx errors/warnings, mostly typos, unshielded markup (*, | etc), and complaints about duplicate references. The latter seem to be related to the fact that numpydoc mangles the numeric references, but not abbreviations, so that eg `[1]_` gets a unique number, but `[CT]_` does not.

No attempt is made at `document not included in any toctree` warnings of https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/3893

Done with @dimazest and @itziakos during the Bloomberg hackathon last Sunday.
@dimazest you have more fixes in your fork, correct?
 


Do you know why this needs a double underscore?  According to http://sphinx-doc.org/rest.html#external-links, only a single underscore should be needed.