fix($compile): do not rebind parent bound transclude functions

The `$compile` public API documentation indicates that
a transclude function may be passed as a second parameter, but
it was not clear that this is **not** the same function that is given
to directive link functions as the `transcludeFn` parameter.

We would like to be able to pass in a transclude function the public
linking function that is returned from `$compile` if we wish to, for
example, use lazy compilation inside a directive.

Doing so, however, highlighted two bugs:

* First, the transclude function would get rebound, incorrectly, changing
its scope from its original binding.
* Second, the `containingScope` would not be updated and the wrong
`$parent` would be assigned to the `transcludedScope` resulting in a
memory leak.

This patch fixes both of these issues.

It also converts various private optional positional parameters on `publicLinkFn`
into an `options` parameter, which is an object hash. The new `options`
parameter is documented as part of the public API.

Thanks to @lgalfaso, @tbosch, and @petebacondarwin.

Closes #9413
test($compile): use `ngMock.Scope.$countChildScopes()`