Increase Emergency Move Time to 10

Goes in the direction of avoiding time losses and seems
equivalent after almost 40K games at super fast TC of 10+0.05

ELO: 2.41 +-2.3 (95%) LOS: 98.1%
Total: 37222 W: 7843 L: 7585 D: 21794

No functional change.
Increase Emergency Move Time to 20

Goes in the direction of avoiding time losses and seems
equivalent after almost 40K games at super fast TC of 10+0.05

ELO: 2.61 +-2.2 (95%) LOS: 99.1%
Total: 39869 W: 8258 L: 7959 D: 23652

No functional change.
Final time management setup

This is an even safer setup proposed and tested
by Alexandre Meirelles.

Regression testing of 40K games at 10+0.05 show
result is stable both against current master:

ELO: -0.29 +-2.2 (95%) LOS: 39.7%
Total: 40000 W: 8010 L: 8043 D: 23947

and again original master (the one with smallest
time parameters):

ELO: 1.71 +-2.2 (95%) LOS: 93.8%
Total: 40000 W: 8325 L: 8128 D: 23547

Alexandre verified with LittleBlitzer time losses are
greately reduced with this setup:

Games Completed = 2100 of 3000 (Avg game length = 35.745 sec)

Settings = RR/128MB/15000ms+50ms/M 1000cp for 12 moves, D 150 moves/
Time = 39200 sec elapsed, 16800 sec remaining
 1.  Stockfish 190913             1091.5/2100    803-720-577      (L: m=313 t=1 i=0 a=406)    (D: r=278 i=91 f=136 s=8 a=64)    (tpm=212.5 d=14.75 nps=925427)
 2.  Houdini 2.0 w32              1008.5/2100    720-803-577      (L: m=250 t=299 i=0 a=254)    (D: r=278 i=91 f=136 s=8 a=64)    (tpm=204.1 d=12.04 nps=1326351)

No functional change.
Reduce negative quiets by ONE_PLY / 2

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 3402 W: 708 L: 593 D: 2101

And long TC:
LLR: 2.93 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 23379 W: 3972 L: 3759 D: 15648

bench: 3529630
Replace -O3 with -fast for intel compiler

No functional change.
Update disabled warnings for Intel compiler

No functional change.
Use a per-thread array for generated moves

This greately reduces stack usage and is a
prerequisite for next patch.

Verified with 40K games both in single and SMP
case that there are no regressions.

No functional change.
Increase MAX_MOVES to 256

This should be enough for any legal position, even
the handcrafted ones, like the one presented by Reuven:

1Q5R/4Q1K1/B1Q5/B4Q2/N2Q4/pQ4Q1/pn2Q3/krQ4R w - -

Where currently we crash. This reverts the patch
0049d3f337b6f3a66a06503c of 8/4/2012 where stack
was shrinked due to crashes while in deep analysys.

No functional change.
Fix best move lookup bug

If the uci option 'Best Book Move' is set to true the lookup still
returns a move at random instead of the move with the highest
weight.

No functional change.
Simplify tte use condition

No functional change.
Simplify extensions

Unify extensions between PV and not PV nodes
and remove all but check extensions.

This is a simplification so tested at fixed number
of games where proved to not regress.

About 45k games at 15+0.05
ELO: 1.23 +-2.0 (95%) LOS: 88.5%
Total: 45643 W: 9107 L: 8946 D: 27590

About 45k games at 60+0.05
ELO: 1.07 +-1.8 (95%) LOS: 87.8%
Total: 46786 W: 7728 L: 7584 D: 31474

bench: 3172206
Revert "Use a per-thread array"

This reverts commit 800410eef1c0811 and instead increases
stack size.

I went through the old emails with Daylen that reported the
crash issue on Mac OS X and was fixed by 0049d3f337b6f3a66a0.

It was reported default stack size for a thread in Mac OS X is 8
megabytes while the patch that we are reverting allows to reduce
stack size at max of about 217KB, so the reason for the crash was
only marginal in MAX_MOVES value. On those emails Daylen also
hinted how to increase stack size for Mac OS X to 16MB.

So prefer to increase stack size to 16MB instad of re-inventing
the wheel and do our home grown stack as we did with the patch
that we are now reverting (it will remain anyhow in git history
for documentation purposes).

No functional change.
Fix build on Mac OS X

For some users -stack_size,0x4000 does not work,
so revert for now.

osX 10.6.8
gcc version 4.7.3 (MacPorts gcc47 4.7.3_2)

g++: error: unrecognized command line option '-stack_size,0x4000'
make[2]: *** [stockfish] Error 1
make[1]: *** [gcc-profile-make] Error 2
make: *** [profile-build] Error 2

No functional change.
Drop 'is' prefix from query functions

Most but not all.

No functional change.
Add more depth/positions to bench

Increase bench default depth from 12 to 13 and
add 15 new endgame positions to have broader
coverage and also more reliable nps calulcation
used for fishtest framework.

Due to the new endgame positions, where nps is higher,
the total nps is increased of about 15%.

Thanks to Lucas and Jörg for the suggestions.

No functional change, but bench number is now:

bench: 8336338
Use prefix operators wherever possible

No functional change.
Use double everywhere

Rationale:

- Speed of double and float is about the same (not on the hot path anyway)

- Double makes code prettier (no need to write 1.0f, just 1.0)

- Only practical advantage of float is to use less memory, but since we never
  store large arrays of double, we don't care.

No functional change.
Use TT refined value to stand pat

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 17811 W: 3520 L: 3366 D: 10925

And long TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 30255 W: 5070 L: 4825 D: 20360

bench: 8340585
Increase slowmover and reduce instability

These two changes go in opposite directions and it
seems that the combination is stronger than original.

Here are the positive tests at various TC:

15+0.05
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 24561 W: 4946 L: 4772 D: 14843

60+0.05
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 15259 W: 2598 L: 2423 D: 10238

40/30
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,3.00]
Total: 2570 W: 527 L: 422 D: 1621

Unfortunately there is also a bad result
with one sec time increment that needs
to be further investigated:

12+1
LLR: -2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,3.00]
Total: 2694 W: 438 L: 543 D: 1713

bench: 8340585
Smoother transition for LMR

Passed both short TC:
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 12376 W: 2596 L: 2454 D: 7326

And long TC:
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 14798 W: 2584 L: 2409 D: 9805

bench: 8279065