Replace prepend implementation and allow better subclass functionality.

This addresses GitHub issue 3.

As of mperham/sidekiq GitHub issue 1943, a couple of things need to
change in the implementation and in the tests.

The first is that `prepend` is no longer necessary, because
`execute_job` is now a level of indirection that sits in front of
`perform`. The `execute_job` method is intended to provide a wrapper
around `perform` so that modifications can be made. This gem provides
such a modification, so implementation is somewhat cleaner.

The second change is to the tests. Previously, we were calling
`.perform` directly in order to verify that the `perform` call was
modifying code. Since the new code is now testing that `execute_job` is
modifying the arguments passed to `perform`, this test is unnecessary.

This commit also removes the requirement that every job class `include
Sidekiq::Symbols`, even if a parent class already did it. Say you have
this structure:

  class ApplicationJob
    include Sidekiq::Worker
    include Sidekiq::Symbols

    # ...
  end

  class FooJob < ApplicationJob
    def perform(x: 1)
      # ...
    end
  end

Enqueueing a job for `FooJob` would _not_ allow symbol usage in the
existing, previous implementation, because `ApplicationJob` is the class
that `Sidekiq::Symbols` was prepended in front of.

  ApplicationJob
        |
  Sidekiq::Symbols
        |
      FooJob

Soo `FooJob` (and every other subclass of `ApplicationJob`) had to
explicitly duplicate the `include Sidekiq::Symbols` line unless it
called `super` or something similar.

With the new implementation, there is no `prepend`ed module, and instead
`ApplicationJob` defines its own `execute_job`, which every subclass
will also use.

This helps address GitHub issue 2.