Penalize hanging pieces

Passed both STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 8519 W: 1565 L: 1440 D: 5514

And LTC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 60618 W: 9141 L: 8777 D: 42700

bench: 8678654
Fix a compile error with Intel C++

Intel compiler is very picky:
"error: this operation on an enumerated type requires an
applicable user-defined operator function"

Reported by Tony Gaor.

No functional change.
Remove dead code in search

We can never have bestValue == -VALUE_INFINITE at
the end of move loop because if no legal move exists
we detect it with previous condition on !moveCount,
if a legal move exists we never prune it due to
futility pruning condition:

bestValue > VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY

So this code never executes, as I have also verified
directly.

Issue reported by Joona.

No functional change.
Better document search stop condition

Handling a stop or a cutoff in the search is
a tricky business, so better document this
difficult part of the code.

No functional change.
Don't save stale value in TT after split

If we return from split with a stale value
due to a stop or a cutoff upstream occurred,
then we exit moves loop and save a stale value
in TT before returning search().

This patch, from Joona, fixes this.

bench: 8678654
Use only standard conforming eg_value()

Remove the optimization for Intel, is not
standard and can break at any time, moreover
our release build is not done with Intel C++
anymore so we don't need to sqeeze the extra
speed out from this compiler.

No functional change.
Revert to Galurung's KBPsK endgame

After reverting to the original Tord's
endgame, a search on position

7k/6p1/6B1/5K1P/8/8/8/8 w - - 0 1

Reports, correctly, a draw score instead of
an advantage for white.

Issue reported by Uri Blass.

bench: 8678654
Add stealmate detection to evaluation

Currently a stealmate position is misevaluated
in a negative/positive score, this leads qsearch(),
that does not detects stealmates too, to return the
wrong score and this yields to some kind of endgames
to be completely misevaluated.

With this patch is fully fixed follwing position

7k/6p1/6B1/5K1P/8/8/8/8 w - - 0 1

Also in SMP case.

Correct root cause analysys by Ronald de Man.

bench: 8678654
Fully correct stealmate detection

In the (rare) cases when the two conditions
are true, then fully check again with a slow
but correct MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).size().

This is able to detect false positives like
this one:

8/8/8/Q7/5k1p/5P2/4KP2/8 b - - 0 17

When we have a possible simple pawn push that
is not stored in attacks[] array. Because the
third condition triggers very rarely, even if
it is slow, it does not alters in a measurable
way the average speed of the engine.

bench: 8678654
Fix KXK endgame

Position is win also if strong side has a bishop
and a knight (plus other material, otherwise
KBNK would be triggered instead of KXK).

This fixes a subtle bug where a search on position

k7/8/8/8/8/P7/PB6/K7 b - - 6 1

Instead of returning a draw score, suddendly returns
a big score. This happens because at one point in
search we reach this position:

8/Pk6/8/8/8/4B3/P7/K7 w - - 3 8

Where white can promote. In case of rook promotion (and also in case of
queen promotion) the resutling position gets a huge static eval that is
above VALUE_KNOWN_WIN (from the point of view of white). So for rook
promotion it is

          &&  futilityBase > -VALUE_KNOWN_WIN

that prevents futility pruning in qsearch. (Removing this condition indeed
lets the problem occur). Raising the static eval for K+B+N+X v K to a value
higher than VALUE_KNOWN_WIN fixes this particular problem without having to
introduce an extra futility pruning condition in qsearch.

I just checked and it seems K+R v K, K+2B v K and even K+B+N v K already get
a huge static eval. Why not K+B+N+P v K?

I think this fix corrects an oversight. There is special code for KBNK, but
KBNXK is handled by KXK, so the test for sufficient material should also test
for B+N.

bench: 8678654
Revert back KBPsK to latest Gary's version

The bug was found to be elsewhere. This version
is correct and also is able to detect as draw
positions like:

8/8/5b2/8/8/4k1p1/6P1/5K2 b - - 6 133

bench: 8678654
Revert stalemate detection in evaluation

Unfortunatly we have a slow down that causes
a regression in STC with no-regression mode:

LLR: -2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 22454 W: 3836 L: 4029 D: 14589

bench: 8678654
Revert dynamic contempt

On a final fixed game number test it failed
to prove better than standard version.

STC 15+0.05

ELO: -0.86 +-1.7 (95%) LOS: 15.8%
Total: 57578 W: 10070 L: 10213 D: 37295

bench: 8802105
Change search() signature

Pass SpNode as template parameter.

No functional change.
Rewrite Score extractors

Less tricky and even a bit faster. With this
version Visual Studio Ultimate 2013 Update 2 RC
runs fine even in O2 optimization.

No functional change.
Allow a slave to 'late join' another splitpoint

Instead of waiting to be allocated, actively search
for another split point to join when finishes its
search. Also modify split conditions.

This patch has been tested with 7 threads SMP and
passed both STC:

LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 2885 W: 519 L: 410 D: 1956

And a reduced-LTC at  25+0.05
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 4401 W: 684 L: 566 D: 3151

Was then retested against regression in 3 thread case
at standard LTC of  60+0.05:

LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-4.00,0.00]
Total: 40809 W: 5446 L: 5406 D: 29957

bench: 8802105
Reformat and simplify previous patch

No functional change.
Clarify some comments in SMP code

Spotted by Joona.

No functional change.
Pass Position as const ref in update_stats()

No functional change.
Make imbalance table more clear

No functional change.