Add subprojects; first pass at adding laws and tests.

This commit creates three sub-projects:

 - core: builds algebra.jar; contains type classes (and a few types)
 - std:  builds algebra-std.jar; contains sample instances
 - laws: builds algebra-laws.jar; contains laws and conformance tests

It also ports over the basic laws from Spire for:

 - signed
 - eq/order
 - groups
 - rings

Finally, it adds a very simple standard algebra instance for Int, and
runs the relevant laws tests on it.
is this the only place we are depending on scalacheck in non-testing code? If so, we might consider pulling this out so that the Rat code could be used with scalacheck being a "provided" dependency. Diamond dependency pains often burn us at Twitter.